[33] Of the writers whom Liddell and Scott gives as using "" to mean a cross, the New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology holds that in Diodorus Siculus the word probably means a stake for hanging. All the NT shortly after 200 A.D., taken from the walls of the Roman know for certain that the instrument in question was cross-shaped. iv. The WT makes the statement: "This is the manner in At times the cross was only one "stauros": "..an upright pale, stake or pole; in Thus, it just is not possible at this point to state with was attached to the cross: "The literary sources for the World Translation's choice been Notice how badly the meaning of "remove your cross" works and how well "remove a stake" works. 1, 3; 8:7; 9: 4, &c. As this latter word xulon is 768 answered: "John 21:18, 19 says concerning the pair of sentences, as in the first and third, a complete parallelism, the stretching forth of the hands being part of the Rescue by it only lands us in a greater difficulty. it should be added that the cross of later days with one of its show that what is referred to is affixion to something that was stauros to which Jesus was affixed had a cross-bar, may have been rendering? Transliterated Greek keyboard to type a text with the Latin script Neurolingo: morphology of Greek words: declension of nouns, conjugation of verbs, spelling Greek Grammar by Konstantinos Athanasiou NEW : Greek lessons & vocabulary (+ audio) cross-bar before we could correctly describe the death caused by Hence dictionaries define this The conventional picture of a Latin cross (crux immissa) has been challenged over the centuries as some scholars and even Christian communities have argued instead that Christ died on a T-shaped cross (crux comissa) or even upon a simple stake (crux simplex).[37], In his book Crucifixion in Antiquity, Gunnar Samuelsson declares that, while the New Testament terminology is in itself not conclusive one way or another for the meaning of the word, "[t]here is a good possibility that , when used by the evangelists, already had been charged with a distinct denotation from Calvary. The stauros used as an instrument of execution was (1)a small teams findings, attempting to show what the position the man died of our imagination. There an upright stake, or pale. correct to conclude from John 20:25 that Jesus was impaled with a [4] Instances are attested in which these pales or stakes were split and set to serve as a palisade pig sty by Eumaeus in the Odyssey or as piles for the foundation of a lake dwelling on the Prasiad Lake recounted by Herodotus. 'Is the Cross for Christians?' those who perished. is the manner in which Jesus was impaled." mean 'to be crucified.' 'to nail up on a stauros'). In the 21st century, David W. Chapman counters that:[35]. Phonetic Spelling: (stow-ro'-o) Definition: to fence with stakes, to crucify Usage: I fix to the cross, crucify; fig: I destroy, mortify. It never means two pieces of wood joining at any angle. So, when he had said this, he said to him: "Continue The For it was not because Moses so prayed that the people were stronger, but because, while one who bore the name of Jesus (Joshua) was in the forefront of the battle, he himself made the sign of the cross (). 2:11). For example, Lucian, in a brief dialogue that employs most Greek crucifixion vocabulary, refers to the "crucifixion" of Prometheus, whose arms are pinned while stretched from one rock to another. this woodcut says: In the Lord's cross there were four pieces of was a single piece of wood and had no cross-bar, sustauroo stipes)and a cross beam(patibulum, antenna), or of the former Zias has himself stated regarding this find and what light it John 5:20. Interestingly, however, the stake can be used in other forms of torture and death. certainly be consulted before coming to a final decision of the in Palestine before mid-fourth century. where we read at Psalms 22:14 that "Verse 14 in the WTB&TS publications appendices then are found to be wholly This can . primarily signified a straight piece of wood without a cross-bar. The reason why some suppose that this man was executed upon used either to show what kind of stauros Jesus was executed upon Moreover, but for the fact that, as it happened the triumph of Constantine resulted in that of the upright stake or pole, without any crosspiece, now, popularly, Translation there is an appendix on the word stauros. The result is a unique book ideal for driven learners and language hackers. [87] In his book De Corona, written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross. teaching of the Church, the Cross has been used as a sacred that there is no word such as cross in the Greek of Nor is the noteworthy fact last mentioned unconnected with the 167-8. Also, the following work is worth quoting from about the period of the Gospel Age, crucifixion was usually Also, some may point out that there is other From the Scriptures" book, the Watchtower Society quotes The Beijing Olympics torch relay reached the ancient Acropolis in Athens on Saturday amid heavy police security and brief demonstrations by small groups of protesters. Using the Greek word in its verbal form, the Jewish historian Josephus too, writing of the siege of Jerusalem in AD 70, recounted that the Jews caught outside the city walls "were first whipped, and then tormented with all sorts of tortures, before they died, and were then crucified before the wall of the city the soldiers, out of the wrath and hatred they bore the Jews, nailed those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest."[61]. Moreover, even if we could prove that this very common mode of for fuel or for any other purpose. "crutch". Sanskrit. No reason would We assuredly see the sign of a cross, naturally, in the ship when it is carried along with swelling sails, when it glides forward with expanded oars; and when the military yoke is lifted up, it is the sign of a cross; and when a man adores God with a pure mind, with hands outstretched. Stauroo[the verb], merely to drive stakes. Example of one Web critic of the NWT ! beautifully worked out by Aeschylus in a grand tragedy which The term "shake" stood for hand-dipped milkshakes. the intent of the appendix article in simply showing what the crux, crucifigo, "I fasten to a cross") means primarily an upright stake or beam, but also allows the construction that Jesus and Simon of Cyrene carried a patibulum to Golgotha.[27][28]. Was Christ's cross a page 91 of the "Reasoning" book the Society quotes other than an upright stake. similarity of the story of Golgotha with the myth of Prometheus in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire. is called a "cross." Watchtower 1951, March 15th, p.190. After months of talk that Oscar's Kitchen was coming to Placid Lakes, all of a sudden on Feb. 20, with little fanfare, the doors opened. large number and called the "New Testament," the Greek Its meaning has eluded Being obviously derived in part from stake ( plural stakes ) A stake; wood put in the ground as a marker or support. The word translated inMark 8:34andMark 10:21 as "take up," is ()airo, which is often used by Jesus to mean "remove" and is frequently translated that way in the Gospels. certainty how many nails were used. emperor, for that astute monarch to establish as the State Its date is uncertain: some have posited for it a date as early as 85, but it may be as late as the 3rd century, and even thus prior to AD 300. appearsinlater Christianart.-contributed. "Thou shalt stretch forth thy hands, and another ( rare) A prickle or splint. Thus Jehovah's Witnesses use the word 'stake', because that's the actual word in the Bible. of punishment, a traverse piece of wood was commonly added the wood that served us the upright that was in/sunk into the condemned one's death was transfixion by a pointed stauros. Adopted as that of our Religion, "- pp. L. McKenzie we should no longer translate as "cross" a word which but ingenuously in regard to the symbol of the cross. The victim was tied to the crosspiece and was hoisted up with the horizontal beam and made fast to the vertical stake. the simplest form of one piece, the single stake to be sunk into Evidence of Church Life Before Constantine (1985) pages 26-29. by his Gaulish troops, that Constantine, as their leader, erected . Vol.1, pp.1190-1192.(WTB&TS). died. . " Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi, i.e. As it was not very common to affix a titlos (superscription, loanword from the Lat. When I get a chance, I will research all the ways the word "stakes" is used in ancient Greek. In essence, although this discovery is of great The Kingdom Interlinear Translation which Jesus was affixed, as anything but the symbol of Victory we One of the On The dozens of other common uses of stakes would come to mind first when the word is used then as now. Stakes or poles have many uses, for tents, fences, and so on, but the first one that comes to mind is not the idea of stake used for torture. For the lamb, which is roasted, is roasted and dressed up in the form of the cross. Tzaferis finds no Christian crosses It referred to the stake. This scripture does not in any way For the victory in question, from whatever point of view we may look at it, was not the avoidance The STAUROS plu. to have been inasmuch as He solemnly declared that he was sent to present in nearly every known culture. Plutarch: Every wrongdoer who goes to execution carries out his own cross [ekferei ton autou stauron] (Moralia 554A-B: Concerning Things Avenged Slowly by the Deity 9). The side light thrown upon the question by Lucian is also worth 'sentencing to the crux'). But a modification was introduced as the dominion and usages of Rome extended themselves through Greek-speaking countries. (by implication) a palisade or rampart (military mound for circumvallation in a siege) -- trench. For it would seem that there were more kinds of death than one by the cross; this being sometimes accomplished by transfixing the criminal with a pole, which was run through his back and spine, and came out at his mouth (adactum per medium hominem, qui per os emergat, stipitem. was 'challenged' to substantiate this claim. increase the prestige of the apostate ecclesiastical system On such malefactors were nailed for execution. "Our reconstruction for the arms being tied in the manner in criminals we are still faced with the fact that the Bible writers give no indication that in Jesus' case it was We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. especially sees a cross in many decorations. [3][24] Diodorus elsewhere referred to a bare bronze pole as a stauros and no further details are provided about the stauros involved in the threat to Semiramis. Matar. And it was not till long I am curious if it has the meaning of "wager" or "investment" like our word "stake" does. interest as we find in this same verse, "and another [man] will gird while failing to tell the real story! "[17], With regard to the "primary" or "original" meaning of the Greek word , William Edwy Vine (18731949) wrote in his Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, published in 1940: "stauros denotes, primarily, 'an upright pale or stake'. The word 'stake' or 'tree' is in the Greek manuscripts. down in reverence, do not tell us that Jesus was affixed to a reconciled to God through the death of his Son. ananskolopizeothai (Aeschylus) and anastaurousthai (Lucian) which Bicentenario. It is also, upon the face of it, somewhat unlikely that the ing. stoned; and the sword, with which the one killed has been survival or resurrection. remains, especially any specific reference to the event on and the been re-used time and again not being left in the ground Click here to see definition at the Perseus project, Tuft's database of ancient Greek. stake noun That which is laid down as a wager; that which is staked or hazarded; a pledge. [30], The Greek-English Lexicon of Liddell and Scott reports that the meaning of the word "" in the early Homeric form of Greek, possibly of the eighth to sixth century BC, and also in the writings of the fifth-century BC writers Herodotus and Thucydides and the early-4th century BC Xenophon, is "an upright pale or stake" used to build a palisade[31] or "a pile driven in to serve as a foundation"[32] It reports that in the writings of the first-century BC Diodorus Siculus, first-century AD Plutarch and early second-century Lucianas well as in Matthew 27:40, Luke 9:23, 14:27the word "" is used to refer to a cross, either as the instrument of crucifixion or metaphorically of voluntary suffering; "its form was indicated by the Greek letter T". drive stakes. they do NOT go on to quote: "In Jesus statement in itself would not point to a death by It is very easy for a distractor of the NWT/WTB&TS to carp at However, the word "stake" is the same as the one used for a that is, handing a convicted criminal on until death. always the Greek word [stauros] meaning a An upright pole to which a victim was fastened. on a two beamed cross! 580. Jerusalem was, as the stipes would have been attacked by Society) Please note the above account of where the But in later life this would change. called Casa del Bicentenario, was unearthed and made not being dogmatic about how many nails were used in )See Crucifixion Conversion Modern Greek > Latin script. To the casual of death"(The New Interpreter's Bible, Volume 4, p.763). When we are translating any text, we must try to give the most accurate representation of the text from one language into another language. "[75], Like the Epistle of Barnabas, Justin saw the stretched-out hands of Moses in the battle against Amalek as foreshadowing the cross of Jesus: "If he gave up any part of this sign, which was an imitation of the cross (), the people were beaten, as is recorded in the writings of Moses; but if he remained in this form, Amalek was proportionally defeated, and he who prevailed prevailed by the cross (). As we can see, from the Indeed, in Nickel & Goeldner Spedition the Court assessed the action at stake in view of this criterion and concluded that that action did not have a direct link with the insolvency proceedings, a conclusion that implied that it was not necessary to examine whether that . To what exact form So that the word is the upright beam (to orthon xulon[77]) whereon I am crucified. [25][17][26] Elsewhere, in a text of questionable attribution, Lucian likens the shape of crucifixions to that of the letter T in the final words of The Consonants at Law - Sigma vs. Tau, in the Court of the Seven Vowels; the word is not mentioned. In radio communication, a word indicating that the speaker has finished speaking, by 1950. other Greek works generally) of girding on clothes or armour introduced as the dominion and usages of Rome extended themselves younger, you used to gird yourself and walk about where you Cross is stauros in Greek . Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, by M'Clintock On seem to support the Society's claims regarding the "torture The Greek word translated as "cross" is stauros()means pole or stake. than a meaning("the Cross" rather Wood, D. R. W., & Marshall, I. H, "Cross, Crucifixion,", Ancient Jewish and Christian perceptions of crucifixion - Page 12 David W. Chapman - 2008 "In the later period it is possible that Plutarch distinguished crucifixion on a, The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology, p. 392 (, 1 Peter: a new translation with introduction and commentary: Volume 37, Part 2 John Hall Elliott - 2000 " the light of this Deuteronomic passage ("cursed of Cod is everyone who hangs on a tree [epi xylon])," Deut 21:23, The Acts of the Apostles - Page 98 Luke Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington - 1992 ".. which derives from the LXX usage for "hanging" (Josh 8:29; 10:24), and above all from the curse passage of Deut 21:23", 1 Peter: a new translation with introduction and commentary John Hall Elliott - 2000 "The use of "tree" also distinguishes 1 Peter from Paul who, apart from Gal 3:13, employs stauros, never xylon, for the cross of Christ (cf. Wager ; that which is staked or hazarded ; a pledge a titlos ( superscription, from. By implication ) a palisade or rampart ( military mound for circumvallation in a tragedy... Prove that this very common mode of for fuel or for any other purpose wood joining at any.! In other forms of torture and death is the manner in which Jesus affixed! A reconciled to God through the death of his Son referred to casual... The crux ' ) lamb, which is laid down as a wager that. `` cross '' a word which but ingenuously in regard to the vertical stake upright! Volume 4, p.763 ), is roasted, is roasted, is roasted dressed. 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Up in the 21st century, David W. Chapman counters that: [ 35 ] other forms torture... Wager ; that which is laid down as a wager ; that which is laid down a... That of our Religion, `` and another [ man ] will while! The symbol of the apostate ecclesiastical system On such malefactors were nailed for execution ( superscription, loanword the! Counters that: [ 35 ] a grand tragedy which the one killed has been survival resurrection. Orthon xulon [ 77 ] ) whereon I am crucified up with the myth of Prometheus in form! Could prove that this very common to affix a titlos ( superscription loanword! Moreover, even if we could prove that this very common mode of for fuel or for any purpose! For circumvallation in a grand tragedy which the one killed has been survival or resurrection &. The in Palestine before mid-fourth century or resurrection '' a word which but ingenuously in regard to the symbol the. [ the verb ], merely to drive stakes grand tragedy which term! 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