A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The inflow and out flow of fresh water will change the hydrology and the biology of the river. The Abandoned Mine Land (AML) section is a part of the department's Land Reclamation Program which also administers Missouri's reclamation laws for active mines. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. The problem of this action is that the nipa palm forest after being cleared is repossessed by the government for infrastructural developments, which rather than reduce the negative effect worsen the situation of the coast. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). Furthermore, census of species found in the area was made at the three study sites. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. Many marine communities are surrounded by mangrove forests, mostly in the upper intertidal zones. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. These small farms produce about 90% of the total food in Nigeria. It was called The Great Garuda (named after the shape of the mythical bird on Indonesia's coat of arms) and meant creating 17 artificial . Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. It cannot, therefore, violate its own laws and standards by doing otherwise.. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. "The oil industry in Nigeria is so corrupt that even locals get scammed. These days, it has transmuted into the Land Use Act (LUA), encapsulated within the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. Moreover, mangroves forests protect coastal communities against storm surges, which have been reported to save lives. Towns and semi-dense areas, which have a population of at least 5,000 inhabitants in contiguous grid cells with a density of at least 300 inhabitants per km 2; and. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. A lot of scientific research has gone into accessing the impact of land reclamation around the world, here in Nigeria, land reclamation has created opportunities and housing in the most. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. The swamps are scooped away or reinforced with sand and concrete in other to produce a hard surface on which to construct foundations of buildings. Map of some areas around Port Harcourt that had been converted from coastal to terrestrial area. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. A wet land can be filled with cement or can also be filled with large rocks. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. For indigenous vacations in Nigeria, Calabar is often the first location that comes to mind, hence why it's among the most beautiful cities in Nigeria. The practice may be temporary solution . The government insisted that illegal proliferation of dredging and reclamation practices had occasioned serious distortion in the aesthetics of the shoreline with high potential for causing environmental degradation capable of producing dire consequences if unchecked. Sand mining is also done with more sophisticated machines, where pumps are used to convey sand from the bottom of the river unto land via long pipes. A perfect example is a fishing community called Ago-Egun which is located at the outskirt of Bariga axis in Lagos. Town of Hemptstead's Morewood Property in Nassau County, before reclamation. The environmental degradation has become so serious that human life is sometimes impacted as well. The solidified area is used as a platform for construction activities. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the worlds most-cited researchers. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. Sand mining is a thriving business in this area, which is done without proper environmental impact assessment or feasibility study. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. We have carried out some investigations. 1. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. This situation had led to the loss of many species. Over population is a major factor that had led to the extension of cities beyond coastal limits. After this has been done, the place is covered with clay or dirt until it gets to the height that is required. The restoration of tidal force, edaphic factors and climatic effect will encourage natural recruitment of seedlings. According to him, the ideal way is for the Ministries of Waterfront Infrastructure Development and Physical Planning and Urban Development to lead a Lagos Lagoon Management Plan, a 30-year master plan that will detail the usage, preservation and envision what Lagos Lagoon will look like in the next three decades. Jakarta, the fastest sinking city in the world, made a plan in 2014 to tackle rising sea levels and subsidence. The following are natural resources found in land in Nigeria: columbite, dolomite, gold, tin, iron ore, limestone, silver, uranium and crude oil. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nation's commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. I dont want to say whether it is good or bad for now but we need to be careful because nature will eventually have its way, Faniran warned. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Morewood Property after reclamation, now a golf course. Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. Oil and gas exploration is the main exploratory activity that occurs in the Niger Delta region. The impact of land reclamation on coastal environment and marine ecology is well recognized and widely studied. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. The colonization of pioneer species will accelerate the establishment of other successional stages (e.g. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. Sen. Jarigbe Agom-Jarigbe on Wednesday in Calabar commended Cross Rivers Gov. from lands, the diking and draining of tidal marshes, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [8]. The renowned environmentalist said this is because reclamation is always of wetland and nature has provided the wetlands as a buffer between the ocean and the land areas to serve as a spring from which land-based effluent could be trapped from hitting on the ocean or the Lagoon. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Land is the basic natural earth resource, which can be used to produce ones satisfying goods and services through agriculture, industry and commerce. Colombo is a wetland city at heart - but Sri Lankans need reminding too often, says ChethikaGunasiri, an environmental scientist with the Wetland Management Division of Sri Lanka's Land Reclamation and Development Corporation. This further denigrates the soil structure and converts the aquatic environment to marshy environment. Industry experts are also concerned with the level of compliance with existing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act No. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Minna. by SurefireFashion: 11:32pm On Mar 17, 2017 following Re: List Of Igbo Towns In Nigeria. 2020 The Author(s). Few cities in the world actively reclaim land at the rate of Hong Kong and Singapore, with the practice deeply woven into each cities' history while also playing a key role in future development. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. The project descriptions include shoreline protection and reclamation activities of over 1, 000 hectare of land and construction of a mixed-use development in the city. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. The next kind of management is human management [19]. There are also some burrowing organisms that dig into shore sand. Faced with the challenge of over 20 million people inhabiting a landmass of about 1,171.28 square kilometres, land reclamation has become a norm in Lagos to mitigate its pressing need for housing. The succession process in the Niger Delta occurs in three phases (Figure 7). The law confers the mandate to implement it on the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) in accordance with this law. 86 of 1992 govern the EIA process in Nigeria. The gigantic project, like others, is being done as a Public Private Partnership (PPP) between Lagos state government and Orange Island Development Company (OIDC). Former mangrove forest that was converted to sand fill in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. However, experts said, the exploitation of land and dredging for construction works in Lagos, pose a great threat to the growth of the city, especially with the fast erosion of the shorelines due to higher water levels caused by climate change. An example is the establishment of the liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant in Bonny Island in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Local sand mining is done manually by the digging of sand from the bottom of the river during low tide and conveyed ashore in hand dug canoes. The marine coastal ecosystem is made up of different zones. Sites T1, T2 and T3 are the end, middle and mouth of the sand fill area. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. Other types of land reclamation are dry method, hydraulic reclamation method, direct dumping, sand spreading and pumping inside the bumps. This method works well for foreshore locations with good seabed soil. Five ways human ecology influence reclamation of coastal environment include: Concentration: is a process whereby a given area becomes concentrated by human population due to the fertility of the land. It also changes the coastal structure and lead to flooding of upland areas. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. Accumulation of dredged spoil converts the swamp to terrestrial area and also changes the physico-chemistry of the coasts [3]. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. A conflict has always been there between the urban and peri-urban interface regarding land acquisition. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. Dry method is appropriate for filling material from land sources; mostly rock, hillcut and clay fill material. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. Manila Bay, the country's center of navigational trade and commerce, is shared by five cities in Metro Manila and four coastal provinces. Land reclamation has been a common practice to produce valuable land in coastal areas. This situation had precipitated the uncontrolled reclamation of coastal lands [4]. . Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). The Great Wall of Lagos will ensure that everyone living and working within the 10 square kilometres (6.2 miles) of reclaimed land for Eko Atlantic and the population of Victoria Island are protected from the sea, Frame assured. It is a regular progress or change by plant and animal due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. Sand spreading is when a spreader is mounted on a small floating barge; so sand is discharged alongside with water through perforations in the pipe. The crude oil resource is mainly present in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, which is the centripetal force on which the nations economy revolves [3]. The Government also ordered the immediate cessation of all ongoing works, construction, reclamation and other similar activities in respect of extension approvals granted or being processed at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. For their reclamation efforts the Town received the 2002 New York State Mined Land Reclamation Award. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Two projects in nearby Bacoor Bay will see fishing villages relocated and blocked from the sea by land reclaimed for hotels catering to the new international airport, as well as a mixed-use development zone. by Revolva ( m ): 1:58pm On Jul 18 , 2020 Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. Such administrative control of the land by the chief is referred to by The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. Work Plan for Groundwater Study at Long Island Mines. The reclamation land which is in two phases is located on a reclaimed land of over 100 hectares. These activities are common in areas where there are coastal vegetation e.g. Residents and activists say neighbouring developments on reclaimed land also threaten the area's environment. *Address all correspondence to: aroloyen@yahoo.com. Orange Island is another reclaimed island that covers about 150 hectares of land and is located within the Lekki axis in Lagos. A study found land-reclamation projects shrank the number of mangroves in Tubli Bay, off Bahrain's east coast. But to avert the impending doom, the Lagos State Government had issued a suspension order on all approvals in respect of land extensions into the Lagoon especially at Banana Island and Osborne Foreshore, Ikoyi. Agricultural activities such as rice paddies and aquaculture are embarked upon in swampy coastal locations [14]. The dredged soil that is evacuated from the river bottom is dumped on land surface and smothers coastal vegetation such as mangroves. Specifically, the mangrove root network hosts fish, shellfish, crabs, snakes, etc. On its right is the. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . This situation made the local authority to cut down and sand fill a mangrove forest measuring about 4.2 million m2 in 1984 (Figure 2). But when it becomes rampant and reckless, the people must resist it because usurping natural settings could be disastrous in the long run, he said. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. They include: Replacement: instead of going back to the original, which is impossible, it involves taking it to a different direction to create a replacement. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. The Land Reclamation practice area is a multidisciplinary practice that involves understanding site characteristics, desired land use outcomes and stakeholder considerations with the objective of developing a functional predetermined end land use. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. The problem is that mangroves provide numerous ecosystem services to the local people while the palms provide no ecosystem service to the people. Artificial Land Reclamation Project | Cities Skylines 44,080 views Nov 12, 2020 1.2K Dislike Share SAM BUR 118K subscribers Reclaiming land, creating artificial islands, fancy buildings and. From the sea Lagos rose, from humble port city to economic and political powerhouse and sprawling home to around 22. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. Segregation: this is when units or communities cluster together based on homogeneity of ideals or goals. Exploratory activities bring about the reclamation of coastal lands for the purpose of laying pipelines. These areas dominate the hinter land and are often reclaimed and sand filled to expand their economic potential. Cultural activity such as fish farming results in the reclamation of coastal areas and the balkanization of river tributaries. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. It is the returning of lands to an improved state. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. It has not been recognized yet that reclamation may change the regional ground water regime, which may in turn modify the coastal environment . Decrease in water level affect intertidal level especially when areas along the shore receive no water supply and become dry. One thing is certain; when you do reclamation like this, there are other aspects of the environment that you destroy. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. Changes in river channel via canalization or dredging changes the river system by increasing the length and breadth of the river which affects the flow dynamics and hydrology of the river [3]. This is because the organisms that reside in these areas are wiped out during the first phase of reclamation. Dutch engineers were also brought in to reclaim a lot of the land in the Fens and Lincolnshire around the Wash. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. White mangroves grow upland while red mangroves grow at the sea shore, so when the former dominate it shows increase in anthropogenic activities. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. The aim is to prevent the destruction of the ecosystem by human activities such as sand mining, exploration, hunting and fishing. A combination of these activities leads to the acidification of the river causing fish deaths and physiological and reproductive problems of numerous marine organisms. Examples include towns in Lagos, Benue, Cross river, rivers etc Like 0 Dislike 0 Reply Quote Follow Ask Your Own Question Quick Questions ten examples of plutonic rocks and volcanic rocks? Sand filling of the coasts lead to the burial of millions of species. A manufacturing company in the production of herbal drugs, Afroganiks, has called for more research on drugs produced from herbs, while noting that, Herbal products most of the time cause kidney problems and organ failure in the body because they are not well dosed.. Several laws have been enforced to restrict construction in certain important zones and simultaneously laws have been levied to reclaim land from these zones. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. By Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. An example of this pattern of landscape reclamation is found in a place called Eagle Island, Niger Delta where the mangrove forests were cut down and sand filled and later the area was used for developmental project (Figure 6). For example, one Francis Ajagun who used to rake in N3,000 daily from fishing said that the reclamation exercise has cut off the main source of daily bread from him, noting that since the activity started, he has not earned a dime; and this makes life very frustrating for him, his wife and three kids. 5. Land reclamation is the process of constructing fabricated land from oceans, seas, rivers and lake beds. Yes, today, man will have his way but eventually, nature will have its way later. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited Hydraulic reclamation method is a wet method that is used when fill material is obtained from an offshore borrow source. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). The seedlings have been growing on the sand filled area for the past 2 years. Regrettably, the space of public opinion can be overtly toxic to the point that cynics, mischief-makers and political opportunist ride overboard. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. With . Nipa palm (Nypa fruticans) is the major invasive species [12, 13] in the Niger Delta area and has over taken many mangrove forest and coastal areas. Also narrating his challenges, Loko Joseph, noted that the activity did not only disrupt their source of surviving income; he also lamented that the situation of the waterway around the site of the reclamation exercise has destroyed their fishing facilities. Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. Irabor said: Nearly every part of the Netherlands was reclaimed from the sea. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. What is happening in Lagos should not be different. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. The developed islands worth is estimated at N40 billion and it is planned in a way that would accommodate a population of 25,000 people and it is also expected to play significant role as regards trade and economic activities within the axis and Lagos generally. The white patches sum up to give a total of 4.2 million m2 of mangroves removed in 1984. These activities automatically put pressure on the coastal community when other infrastructural activities such as living quarters for staff, health facility, recreational ground and educational facilities are established for workers and their families. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. Changes in land form lead to changes in the biogeography of the area. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Done, the smoothing and re-vegetation of strip-mine spoil areas [ 8 ] ecosystems, which are where! Buguma, Niger Delta occurs in the biogeography of the coasts lead to changes in the Niger Delta,.! The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding company is carrying out the project on of. Land and protect shorelines using our state-of-the-art fleet of dredging vessels and specialized equipment so when the former it. We use various techniques to reclaim land and protect shorelines using our fleet! 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