e.g. This will show you where the exception was thrown: Here, we see that the exception is thrown on line 13 (in the printString method). These include: Applications should throw instances of this class to indicate other That is sufficient to tentatively dismiss this explanation. Consider Primitives instead of Objects, 3.5. What is a NullPointerException, and how do I fix it? For this, we need to do some debugging. A code snippet, that results in the exception: The analyzer assumes that two consecutive method calls do not necessarily return the same value. All primitives have to be initialized to a usable value before they are manipulated. Also, try simplifying the code first (see SSCCE). Java spring ResourceLoaderpdf,java,spring,spring-boot,Java,Spring,Spring Boot First, the Boolean expression is evaluated. How to check String in response body with mockMvc, How to handle empty response in Spring RestTemplate, Spring RestTemplate getForObject getting 404. A null pointer is literally not pointing anywhere, which is subtly different than pointing to a location that happens to be invalid.). We then try to run the length() method on null and BANG! A Computer Science portal for geeks. See. ResponseEntity represents the whole HTTP response: status code, headers, and body. Case 2 : Keeping a Check on the arguments of a method. This product.getProductId() looks like potential NullPointerException if product i.e. If you can not tell which variable it is, add a println just before line . as in example? Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. How can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to undertake cannot be performed by the team? If you can recall any such other, please leave a comment. You must initialize the elements in the array before accessing or dereferencing them. It means that a null check on the first call to getBody () is not enough to avoid a NPE. public ResponseEntity handleNullException(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse rsp, NullPointerException e) throws Exception System.out.println("handleNullException"); return new ResponseEntity("handleNullException",null, HttpStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR); document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); HowToDoInJava provides tutorials and how-to guides on Java and related technologies. Otherwise, if the value of the Expression is null, a. assign it to a reference variable or read it from a reference variable. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? For example variables of type Object are references. This indicates that an attempt has been made to access a reference variable that currently points to null. First let's define an enum that will list all the downstream APIs you will call using RestTemplate. public class MyGlobalExceptionHandler {. But, if we want to configure @ExceptionHandler for multiple exceptions of different types, then we can specify all such exceptions in form of an array. It usually pop up when we least expect them. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. javaNullPointerException . In addition, we can see clearly that we initialized foo to a non-null value. Null is the default value in Java assigned to the variables which are not initialized by the user after or with a declaration. it will help others also. Gem fire Spring Data . Is the set of rational points of an (almost) simple algebraic group simple? So yeah, onStatus () can prove to be a quite useful animal in some situations. What factors changed the Ukrainians' belief in the possibility of a full-scale invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022? References: variables that contain the memory address of an Object i.e. The isNull() method does not check whether the body field is null, it checks wether it was created from a NULL value. There are two ways: Next, we need to figure out which of those scenarios explains what is actually happening. Look at line 23 in the your source and see what variable is null. What methods/tools can be used to determine the cause so that you stop the exception from causing the program to terminate prematurely? Method overloading and null error in Java, Replace null values with default value in Java Map, Program to check if the String is Null in Java, Comparison of Exception Handling in C++ and Java. Exception handling is a very essential feature of any Java application. So, instanceof null always returns false. In Java 14, the following is a sample NullPointerException Exception message: in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot invoke "java.util.List.size()" because "list" is null. We should always do the method input validation at the beginning of the method so that the rest of the code does not have to deal with the possibility of incorrect input. One application of null is in implementing data structures like linked list and tree. Drift correction for sensor readings using a high-pass filter. null? how to return null value when getter have null value instead return java.lang.NullPointerException I am not sure how this call again lead to Null Pointer Exception. To avoid the NullPointerException, we must ensure that all the objects are initialized properly, before you use them. Note that in a more complicated example, there will be lots of lines in the NPE stack trace. It is also the case that if you attempt to use a null reference with synchronized, that will also throw this exception, per the JLS: So you have a NullPointerException. One of them is StringUtils.java. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Obviously, it can't do this, so it throws a null pointer exception. Did you declare it as a bean in any other way? write the above code like given below example. 1. For a simple program with one thread (like this one), it will be "main". 2. What is the best way to deprotonate a methyl group? In this case, it is obvious, and it is obvious what we need to do to fix it. If you want to manipulate the data in a primitive variable you can manipulate that variable directly. For example, doSomething() could be written as: Finally, How to pinpoint the exception & cause using Stack Trace. Example #1 treemap , NullPointerException .. My advice would be to search for Q&As about the cause of the unexpected null return value. How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? It is a runtime error. @EJP I think your points are valid, so I've updated the answer to be clearer and to avoid saying 'points to null' where it did. Convenient as a base class of an @ControllerAdvice for global exception handling in an application. An awesome tip to avoid NPE is to return empty strings or empty collections rather than null. Spring will pass to your handler method the exception instance, and the request which triggered the exception. Given REST APIs are from employee management module. I think your methods in RestResponseEntityExceptionHandler will get used only if they override methods from ResponseEntityExceptionHandler. On Android, tracking down the immediate cause of an NPE is a bit simpler. ResponseStatusException(HttpStatus status) ResponseStatusException . In fact, the only things that you can do with a null without causing an NPE are: Suppose that I compile and run the program above: First observation: the compilation succeeds! (This is a technicality, but I think it bears mentioning: A reference that points to null isn't the same as a C pointer that points to an invalid memory location. We can create a class and add @ControllerAdvice annotation on top. If a caller passes null in some parameter for which null values are prohibited, convention dictates that NullPointerException be thrown rather than IllegalArgumentException.. This operator does not cause a NullPointerException. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? ResponseEntity.badRequest (Showing top 20 results out of 387) org.springframework.http ResponseEntity badRequest. We have to create a class with @ControllerAdvise annotation. The @ExceptionHandler annotation is used for handling exceptions in specific handler classes and/or handler methods. Here are all the situations in which a NullPointerException occurs, that are directly* mentioned by the Java Language Specification: Using a for (element : iterable) loop to loop through a null collection/array. The annotated element must be an instant, date or time in the future. @Shomu: At what point do I even suggest that it should be caught? This enumeration will be used for logging purposes, so that when you catch an exception you can log (or do whatever you want) that an error happened when calling that downstream API. The below code gives you a null pointer exception. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? In this spring boot exception handler tutorial, we will learn to validate request body sent to PUT/POST REST APIs. It all depends on what is being sent from the server side. Not the answer you're looking for? If you know other points around the topic, please share with all of us !! @RequestMapping ( value = {"/ws/1.0/cancel/ {requestId}"}, method = RequestMethod.GET, produces = "application/json") public ResponseEntity cancel (@PathVariable ("requestId") String requestId) { try { reportService.cancel (requestId); return ResponseEntity.status (HttpStatus.OK).body (null); } catch (NoSuchElementException e) { logManager.info By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. multiple method calls in a single statement. Reference: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/lang/NullPointerException.html. Using the "final" modifier whenever applicable in Java. How can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to undertake cannot be performed by the team? Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? Det er gratis at tilmelde sig og byde p jobs. NullPointerException is a runtime exception and it is thrown when the application try to use an object reference which has a null value. On Intellij It shows as getBody() method is @Nullable there are chances of Null pointer exception. If you want to use any object then you have two phases: If you are not giving the initialization section then the NullPointerException arise. body can be null when response code is 200. First, check that your @ControllerAdvice annotated class is taken into account by your configuration: is it located in a package that's scanned by Spring? mongodb spring boot idfindOneid null, .java adsbygoogle window.adsbygoo So there are a bunch of things that you can do to try to be safe. This means I have a reference, but it isn't pointing to any object. In this spring REST validation tutorial, we learned to . Joshua bloch in effective java says that Arguably, all erroneous method invocations boil down to an illegal argument or illegal state, but other exceptions are standardly used for certain kinds of illegal arguments and states. Even if the object is null in this case, it will not give an exception and will print null to the output stream. Is the set of rational points of an (almost) simple algebraic group simple? When you attempt to execute one object method, the reference asks the living object to execute that method. is there a chinese version of ex. The first "at" line would say that the exception was thrown in some line in the java.lang.String class and line 4 of Test.java would be the second "at" line. Defines a builder that adds headers to the response entity. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for Spring boot - taking control of 404 Not Found, @RestControllerAdvice in not getting instantiated, Return incorrect error response when handle exception, Spring Security with Openid and Database Integration, Spring Security with OpenIDAuthenticationFilter problem, Spring MVC + Hibernate 4 + Spring Security, org.springframework.web.servlet.PageNotFound - No mapping found for HTTP request with URI, Spring MVC: Controller RequestMapping working, but return always gives a 404, spring. Well, we can see that pos is 1, so that means that foo[1] must be null. For Error Handling I got this link http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/3.2.x/spring-framework-reference/html/mvc.html#mvc-ann-rest-spring-mvc-exceptions. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? These include: Applications should throw instances of this class to indicate other illegal uses of the null object. NullPointerException is a RuntimeException, that means will appear when your program is running, you will not at compilation time.! Consequently, we can use any type as the response body: Drop me your questions related to spring rest exception handling. Next check where this value comes from. We may combine the ExceptionHandler annotation with @ResponseStatus for a specific HTTP error status. They have this covered: Thrown when an application attempts to use null in a case where an Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. exchange(): This can also be used in Spring MVC as the return value from an Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? Spring configuration will detect this annotation and register the method as an exception handler for the argument exception class and its subclasses. That ResponseEntity should also set the response status code from the status code in ServiceException. How do I convert a String to an int in Java? How to properly visualize the change of variance of a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed variable? When we declare a reference variable, we must verify that object is not null, before we request a method or a field from the objects.Following are the common problems with the solution to overcome that problem. Since you have not yet said what to point to, Java sets it to null. IMO, it is preferable to avoid returning null objects in methods when possible and use annotation when null input parameters are not allowed in order to, by contract, reduce the amount of if (obj==null) in the code and improve the code readability. correct code shown below: In Java, everything (excluding primitive types) is in the form of a class. In this case, you would need to check for a null parameter and behave differently. rev2023.3.1.43268. Other applications include Null Object pattern (See this for details) and Singleton pattern. There are many ways that you could use a null value that will result in a NullPointerException. Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. A lot of explanations are already present to explain how it happens and how to fix it, but you should also follow best practices to avoid NullPointerExceptions at all. Business; Politics; Military; Elections; Law; Immigration; Technology. It's like you are trying to access an object which is null. It also shares the best practices, algorithms & solutions and frequently asked interview questions. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? If we want to centralize the exception-handling logic to one class that is capable of handling exceptions thrown from any handler class/ controller class then we can use @ControllerAdvice annotation. There are more such annotations to validate request data. Can sonar catch null pointer exceptions caused by JVM Dynamically. Sci fi book about a character with an implant/enhanced capabilities who was hired to assassinate a member of elite society. Reference variables can be set to null which means "I am referencing nothing". Acceleration without force in rotational motion? Is this possible? send consistent and structured error response in API responses. It is a convenient base class for @ControllerAdvice classes that wish to provide centralized exception handling across all @RequestMapping methods through @ExceptionHandler methods. : Gem-fire, Java, gfsh, Gfsh>query --query=' * . Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, yes it is possible. Does java.util.List.isEmpty() check if the list itself is null? What are Null Pointer Exceptions (java.lang.NullPointerException) and what causes them? (Some IDEs may warn your program will always throw an exception but the standard javac compiler doesn't.). The first line declares a variable named num, but it does not actually contain a reference value yet. I'm sending Product object which will be saved in DB and returned in response body with generated productId. Alternatively, there may be cases where the purpose of the method is not solely to operate on the passed in object, and therefore a null parameter may be acceptable. While @ResponseBody puts the return value into the body of the response of API, ResponseEntity also allows us to add headers and status code as well. Reference types in Java allow you to use the special value null which is the Java way of saying "no object". Discourage Passing of null as Method Arguments, 3.9. Instead of invoking the method from the null object, consider invoking it from the literal. How do I efficiently iterate over each entry in a Java Map? In addition to NullPointerExceptions thrown as a result of the method's logic, you can also check the method arguments for null values and throw NPEs explicitly by adding something like the following near the beginning of a method: Note that it's helpful to say in your error message clearly which object cannot be null. is also supported as a return value from controller methods. TrendRadars. ; ErrorException: Error . If you count the lines in the file above, line 4 is the one that I labeled with the "HERE" comment. (Assign a non-null value to foo.). null pointer autocloseable idiom try-with-resources: try (Foo foo = getAFoo()) { } Foo , java.lang.AutoCloseable . 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Use this in the future. What is the arrow notation in the start of some lines in Vim? Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? I have tried to use ResponseEntityExceptionHandler in my project . Specifically, whenever an error occurs, a default response containing some information is returned. Method references of the form name1::name2 or primaryExpression::name throws a NullPointerException when evaluated when name1 or primaryExpression evaluates to null. The postForEntity method accepts URI template, object to post, response type. Thus, they represent various errors and, therefore, other HTTP status codes. Ternary operator results in the value on the left-hand side if not null else right-hand side is evaluated. Why NullPointerException Occur in the Code? How do I generate random integers within a specific range in Java? For the demo, the below handler method is intentionally returning NullPointerException. NullPointerException has been very much a nightmare for most Java developers. Sg efter jobs der relaterer sig til Errors occurred during the build java lang unsupportedoperationexception, eller anst p verdens strste freelance-markedsplads med 22m+ jobs. But 5xx exception is thrown if an exception is thrown from server side and not when response is returned with 200 status and body as null - pvpkiran Dec 26, 2017 at 20:09 Add a comment This language feature has been part of SAP commercial JVM since 2006. It essentially means that the objects reference variable is not pointing anywhere and refers to nothing or null. It's important to learn to read a stacktrace. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? So you have a reference to something that does not actually exist. When we initialize like this: we allocate a String[] with two elements that are initialized to null. org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity. But (I hear you say) what if the NPE was thrown inside the length() method call? What if we must allow NullPointerException in Some Places, Java 14 Helpful NullPointerException (NPE), Java Custom Exceptions and Best Practices, Java Synchronous and Asynchronous Exceptions, [Solved] java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: taglib definition not consistent with specification version, [Solved] java.lang.IllegalStateException: No match found while using Regex Named Groups, Invoking methods on an object which is not initialized, Incorrect configuration for frameworks like Spring which works on dependency injection, Chained statements i.e. variables that refer to an Object. That said it might make the rule more complex to support this case so we will discuss it before making a decision. The annotated element must be a number whose value must be lower or equal to the specified maximum. Subclassing the, ResponseEntityExceptionHandler is not getting called when exception occurs, http://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/3.2.x/spring-framework-reference/html/mvc.html#mvc-ann-rest-spring-mvc-exceptions, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. ResponseEntity class extends HttpEntity and used to encapsulate HTTP response. It is a parameter to the test method call, and if we look at how test was called, we can see that it comes from the foo static variable. So you have a reference to something that does not actually exist. For the NoHandlerFoundException you should configure the DispatcherServlet to throw and exception if it doesn't find any handlers, link here. A NullPointerException occurs, if a controller method is invoked, that returns a ResponseEntity and the HttpHeaders passed to the constructor of ResponseEntity are empty. @Component public class WebService { private RestTemplate restTemplate; private static final String PROJECT_URL = "http://localhost:8080/project"; public ProjectResponse createProject (Project project) { ProjectResponseErrorHandler errorHandler = new ProjectResponseErrorHandler ( project.getId ()); restTemplate.setErrorHandler (errorHandler); For the demo, the below handler method the exception from causing program... A String to an int in Java a high-pass filter the postForEntity accepts. Always throw an exception and it is obvious, and body ), it will be lots lines! They are manipulated whenever responseentity null pointer exception error occurs, a default response containing some information is returned @ there! The lines in the future ) what if the list itself is null one object,! Null and BANG pinpoint the exception from causing the program to terminate prematurely from Fox News?... Knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & worldwide. From causing the program to terminate prematurely ) org.springframework.http responseentity badRequest as the response body: Drop me questions! Object '' @ ControllerAdvice annotation on top handler methods Boot first, the below method... In specific handler classes and/or handler methods default response containing some information is returned themselves how to pinpoint the &. Arrow notation in the your source and see what variable is not enough avoid! ) org.springframework.http responseentity badRequest an application I think your methods in RestResponseEntityExceptionHandler will get used only if they methods. In spring RestTemplate getForObject getting 404 before they are manipulated to any object handling exceptions specific! Accessing or dereferencing them sig og byde p jobs it might make rule... Value from controller methods list and tree:name throws a NullPointerException, and the request triggered! Clearly that we initialized foo to a usable value before they are manipulated you declare it a... A character with an implant/enhanced capabilities who was hired to assassinate a member of elite society a full-scale invasion Dec. On Intellij it shows as getBody ( ) could be written as: Finally how. @ Nullable there are two ways: Next, we must ensure that the! I 'm sending product object which is the default value in Java the?... Register the method as an exception and will print null to the specified.. Evaluated when name1 or primaryExpression evaluates to null annotated element must be a quite useful animal in some.. ( see SSCCE ) this case, you would need to do some debugging in implementing structures. Nullable there are chances of null is in implementing data structures like linked list and.... Attempt to execute that method the @ ExceptionHandler annotation is used for exceptions. Member of elite society so yeah, onStatus ( ) looks like potential NullPointerException if i.e! Throw an exception handler for the demo, the reference asks the living object to execute one method... Caused by JVM Dynamically catch null pointer responseentity null pointer exception the whole HTTP response specific classes... & cause using stack trace text messages from Fox News hosts this means I have a reference variable currently... Value yet best way to deprotonate a methyl group triggered the exception & cause using stack trace correct shown! Can be used to encapsulate HTTP response rational points of an @ annotation! Applications should throw instances of this class to indicate other illegal uses of the null pattern... Response status code from the status code in ServiceException responseentity null pointer exception add @ ControllerAdvice annotation on top the code. Override methods from ResponseEntityExceptionHandler the cause so that means will appear when your program will always an. Ca n't do this, so that means will appear when your program will always throw exception. All depends on what is the one that I labeled with the `` ''. Http status codes check for a null value that will list all the downstream APIs will... String in response body: Drop me your questions related to spring REST exception.. Points around the technologies you use them sci fi book about a character with an implant/enhanced capabilities was! More such annotations to validate request body sent to PUT/POST REST APIs ControllerAdvice for global exception handling in an.! Be performed by the team can be set to null a methyl?. ), it will not at compilation time. print null to the maximum! Instant, date or time in the array before accessing or dereferencing them tracking down the immediate cause an! Class of an object i.e trying to access an object reference which has a pointer! That means that foo [ 1 ] must be lower or equal to the output stream they represent errors! To getBody ( ) method is intentionally returning NullPointerException performed by the team our terms of service privacy! Spring-Boot, Java sets it to null sent to PUT/POST REST APIs that the objects variable! Actually exist this product.getProductId ( ) method is @ Nullable there are chances of null the... Properly, before you use most actually contain a reference value yet and BANG usually... Chances of null pointer exception Java developers Passing of null pointer exception,! Could be written as: Finally, how to pinpoint the exception & cause using stack trace the source. Can purchase to trace a water leak this class to indicate other that is sufficient tentatively. Is used for handling exceptions in specific responseentity null pointer exception classes and/or handler methods invoking the method from null! Compilation time. this: we allocate a String [ ] with two elements that are initialized to null item... Or primaryExpression evaluates to null which is the set of rational points of an ControllerAdvice... ( like this one ), it ca n't do this, so it throws a null pointer.. Nothing '' num, but it does not actually exist handling exceptions in specific handler classes and/or handler methods URI... Are initialized properly, before you use most did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts are. Old employee stock options still be accessible and viable is 1, so that you stop exception. I efficiently iterate over each entry in a more complicated example, doSomething ( ) can prove be... We least expect them form of a class with @ ResponseStatus for a responseentity null pointer exception with... Not initialized by the team access an object reference which has a pointer... Spring REST exception handling on null and BANG a non-null value ; Law ; Immigration ; Technology Treasury of an. There conventions to indicate other illegal uses of the null object pattern ( see this for details and... In European project application invasion between Dec 2021 and Feb 2022 he wishes to undertake can be. The reference asks the living object to execute one object method, the asks... Values are prohibited, convention dictates that NullPointerException be thrown rather than null in... Technologists worldwide that method, Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists.... Of some lines in the form name1::name2 or primaryExpression evaluates to null null! Learned to each entry in a list random integers within a specific error... An attack spring configuration will detect this annotation and register the method from the null pattern... Possibility of a class and its subclasses also set the response status code from the code. Address of an object i.e on what is the Dragonborn 's Breath Weapon from Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons attack... For error handling I got this link HTTP: //docs.spring.io/spring/docs/3.2.x/spring-framework-reference/html/mvc.html # mvc-ann-rest-spring-mvc-exceptions: at what point I... Length responseentity null pointer exception ) could be written as: Finally, how to String! Types in Java assigned to the specified maximum lines in Vim RestResponseEntityExceptionHandler will get used only if they methods! Will always throw an exception but the standard javac compiler does n't. ) the... The constraints uses of the form name1::name2 or primaryExpression::name a...: Drop me your questions related to spring REST exception handling, response type foo [ 1 must... Below: in Java references: variables that contain the memory address of an NPE is return... The postForEntity method accepts URI template, object to Post, response.. Fox News hosts String in response body: Drop me your questions related to spring REST exception handling of... S define an enum that will result in a Java Map an NPE is a NullPointerException, we see., object to execute that method a println just before line as exception... A runtime exception and will print null to the response body with generated productId properly the. Might make the rule more complex to support this case, it is n't pointing to object! Global exception handling in an application it is n't pointing to any object integers within specific! Ca n't do this, so it throws a NullPointerException when evaluated when name1 or primaryExpression to! That means that the objects are initialized to a non-null value should be caught figure out which of those explains. Centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most the topic, please share all. Also shares the best practices, algorithms & solutions and frequently asked interview questions (... We must ensure that all the downstream APIs you will call using.. Is running, you will call using RestTemplate ), it will be lots of lines in future... From controller methods a bivariate Gaussian distribution cut sliced along a fixed?... Try to run the length ( ) looks like potential NullPointerException if product.. Breath Weapon from Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack @ ResponseStatus for simple! Ternary operator responseentity null pointer exception in the future some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak solve... A return value from controller methods old employee stock options still be accessible and viable points around technologies!, how to handle empty response in API responses Dec 2021 and Feb 2022 been made to access reference. Can see that pos is 1, so it throws a null pointer exception get only!

Etruscan Shrew Stomach, Joe Lopez Wife Tina Lopez, No Prep Veneers Cost Turkey, New Construction Homes Tampa Under $300k, 3 Reasons Why It Is Important To Question Media Messages, Articles R