Read more . The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. More wars involving Judas and his brothers Simon and Jonathan are reported in chapters 5, 6 and 7. Several theories have emerged regarding the exclusion of 1 from the Jewish biblical canon. The name Maccabee, probably meaning "hammer," is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1 Mc 2:4, 66; 2 Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16).Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters . Updates? What did it mean to be Jewish in a predominantly Greek culture? All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. 4:59). The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. The history of the Maccabee family given in these books ends with the death of Simon and the succession of his son, John Hyrcanus. his heart was lifted up. More. Finally, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" there, apparently either a pagan idol or a bust of himself. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. However, this original Hebrew has been lost, and the work only survives in translation in Koine Greek contained in the Septuagint, the Greek version of the Jewish scriptures. [41] The book dismisses a defeat suffered by other commanders named Joseph and Azariah as because "they did not listen to Judas and his brothers. 1 Maccabees. He either used or reconstructed primary sources such as letters, poetic accounts, and possibly court histories. Modin. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. [26] Mattathias calls upon people loyal to the traditions of Israel to oppose the invaders and the Jewish Hellenizers, and his sons begin a military campaign against them. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the Ptolemy IIs court at Alexandria was famed for its learning. the hundred and forty and fifth year. The Writer gives his final summary. 1 Maccabees - Chapter 1. Antiochus captures Egypt. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. Demetrius' death is reported in 1 Maccabees 10:50, and Ptolemy VI Philometor and Alexander Balas, claimant to the Seleucid throne, enter into an agreement under which Alexander marries Cleopatra Thea, Ptolemy's daughter (1 Maccabees 10:58). The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). The works main religious theme is that the martyrs sufferings vicariously expiated the sins of the entire Jewish people. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. The historical integrity of the book, which was compiled from official written sources, oral tradition, and eyewitness reporting, is attested to by the absence of almost all of the conventions of the Hellenistic rhetorical school of historiography and by its uncritical use by the later Jewish historian Flavius Josephus. For Jews, a highlight of 1 Maccabees is its description of the rededication of the Temple of Jerusalem and the institution of Hanukkah. [33], Proposed alliances with Rome and with Areus of Sparta are covered in 1 Maccabees 12:123. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). VERSE 4. and he gathered together an exceedingly strong army, and ruled over countries and nations and principalities, and they became tributary to him. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. And they did all put diadems upon themselves after that he was dead, and so did their sons after them many years: and they multiplied evils in the earth. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. Mattathias proclaimed a holy war; Jewish armed resistance operated from the wilderness with great success under the successive leadership of three of Mattathias sonsJudas Maccabeus, the undisputed leader of the Jews (3:1-9); Jonathan (9:28-12:53), and Simon (chap. For some more Biblical back history about the Exile and return of the Jews from Babylonian Exile, please read 2 Kings (Chapter 20:12-18), 2 Kings (Chapter 25), Jeremiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. In either case, only the Greek text has survived, and this only through its inclusion in the Christian canon. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. Christian tradition venerates these seven brothers as martyrs, and churches were dedicated to them in Antioch, Rome, Lyons, and Vienne. The narrative reports that news of the desolation reaches Mattathias and his five sons, a priestly family who live in Modein. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Books-of-the-Maccabees, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Books of Machabees. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. Chapter 6 reports the last days of Antiochus Epiphanes and the accession of his young son Antiochus V Eupator to the throne. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu In 1 Maccabees, those dissatisfied with the Hasmoneans "hated their nation"[39] as a whole; the Hasmoneans were equated with Judea itself. Jonathan's capture in 143 BC, having been double-crossed by Diodotus Tryphon, is recorded in 1 Maccabees 12:48. Chapter 2. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. saves his butt from a delivery-gone-bonkers, he decides to play nice with . Bible Society, Stonehill Green, Westlea, Swindon SN5 7DG. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. a place of exercise. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. Elephants were an important part of the army of Antiochus. Updates? Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. [9][10] The author appears to be very familiar with Judea and its geography, but appears less well-informed about the wider Hellenistic world. [1], The author of 1 Maccabees is anonymous and unknown. St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. From the time of Alexander onward Greek culture spread throughout the Middle East. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. An unknown editor, the "Epitomist," used the factual notes of a historian . For more details about the Maccabees family and battles with the Greeks, please read 1 Maccabees. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. He interprets the Maccabean victory not as a miraculous intervention by God, but rather as God's using the instrument of the military genius of the Maccabees to achieve his divine ends. 2 He had five sons: John, who was called Gaddi; 3 Simon, who Unless otherwise noted, all Bible quotations on this page are from the World English Bible and the World Messianic Edition. The origin of 2 Maccabees is debated. VERSE 33. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). When Mattathias died (c. 166 bc), his son Judas Maccabaeus recaptured Jerusalem and reconsecrated the temple, an event celebrated in the holiday Hanukkah. 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth and . 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. Luckily, when a skateboard courier called Y.T. Were there any parts of the book that you disliked or which troubled you? [14][15] Various reconstructions have been proposed: Gustaf Dalman, meanwhile, suggests that the title is a corruption of the Aramaic "The Book of the House of the Hasmoneans". Every bridegroom took up lamentation, she that sat in the marriage chamber was in heaviness. First Maccabees can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. The army of Judas at Bethsura consists of 10,000 according to 1 Macc 4:29, but of 80,000 according to 2 Macc 11:2. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. Antiochus forbids both circumcision and possession of Jewish scriptures on pain of death. Maccabees , (fl. 1 In those days Mattathias, son of John, son of Simeon, a priest of the family of Joarib, left Jerusalem and settled in Modein. He plays one faction off against the other, obtaining various benefits for the Jews in exchange for his military support. Buy Also Available At: . 2 Maccabees, curiously, says nothing about thisdespite its . 1 Maccabees is best known for its account of the recapture of Jerusalem in the year 164 BC and rededication of the Second Temple: the origin behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. they made themselves uncircumcised. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article The vigorous reaction to this attempt established for a time the religious and political independence of the Jews. 01793 418222. 1:9 And after his death they all put crowns upon themselves; so did their sons after them many years: and evils were multiplied in the earth. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . He forbids observance of the sabbath and the offering of sacrifices at the Temple. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. When he died his widow, Alexandra, married his elder brother, Alexander Janneus, and she remained on the throne while her son Hyrcanus II was high priest. These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. They are Jewish people who do not observe the Law. And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. 2nd century bc) Priestly family of Jews who organized a successful rebellion against Antiochus IV Epiphanes in Palestine and reconsecrated the defiled Temple of Jerusalem. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. The following is a brief analysis of 1 Maccabees: (1) 1 Maccabees 1:1-10: An account of the rise of the Seleucid Dynasty. In the town of Modein, the priest Mattathias finds the situation intolerable. It also uses anachronistic terms at times to make explicit parallels between the exploits of the Hasmoneans and earlier Jewish heroes; for example, it refers to the coastal region of Palestine as the land of the Philistines, despite the Philistines no longer being a relevant cultural grouping in the era. VERSE 40. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. He will make a firm covenant with many for one week. Its name in the Septuagint and in the writings of the Church Fathers (Eusebius and Clement) is , i.e . Protestants and Jews regard it as generally reliable historically, but not a part of holy scripture.. CHAPTER 1. In the middle of the week he will cause the sacrifice and the offering to cease. The book is held as canonical scripture today in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches (except for the Orthodox Tewahedo). He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. 2 Maccabees recaps some of the story (until the events of 161 bc) and adds in details about Gods intervention into the events reports. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. Maccabees does not mention the involvement of the mercenaries who are mentioned in other accounts, whereas other accounts do not mention the Jewish involvement. It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. the king sent letters. Judas's Maccabee title is generally tied to the Aramaic word maqqaba ("makebet" in modern Hebrew), "hammer" or "sledgehammer", in recognition of his prowess in battle. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). 3 He advanced to the ends of the earth, gathering plunder from many . As the Bible says, "On the eighth day, God created Shmoop and saw that it was good." Or something like that. to the death of Simeon the Hasmonean (135 B.C.E.). VERSE 51. [7][4] He was likely a court historian or equivalent. Many Christians base their moral decisions on outcomes. This work no longer exists, but is the basis for 2 Maccabees.) 2 Maccabees is harder to date but many scholars locate it in the early first century bc. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. [23] Various historical documents are included as well, notably of negotiations and letters with the Roman Republic and Hellenistic Sparta. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. Book of Daniel. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). VERSE 22. and the table of the show bread, and the cups to pour withal, and the bowls, and the golden censers, and the veil, and the crowns, and the adorning of gold which was on the face of the temple, and he scaled it all off. Talk about how this story might have inspired the Jews of Jesus day in the light of their oppression by the Romans. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. And on the five and twentieth day of the month they sacrificed upon the idol altar of God. And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. It describes the refusal of Mattathias to perform pagan religious rites, the ensuing Jewish revolt against Syrian hegemony, the political machinations whereby Demetrius II of Syria granted Judaea its independence, and the election of Simon as both high priest and secular ruler of the Judaean Jews. The book of Tobit tells the story of Tobit and his family, who are living as exiles from Israel after the Assyrian conquest. VERSE 39. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. These heroes of the faith will walk with the One God and keep the Covenant. If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. The first book was written in Hebrew, although what we have is only a Greek translation; the second, written in Greek, shows that the author had a good grasp of Greek rhetoric and the Greek language, which suggests he may have been from Alexandria. The doctrine expressed in the book is the customary belief of Israel, without the new developments which appear in 2Maccabees and Daniel. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). Alexander the Great. 20 And now we have . Do a bit of research on Hanukkah and talk what you have learnt about this very important Jewish festival. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. 16:1 Then John came up from Gazara, and told Simon his father what Cendebeus had done against their people. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. Thus 1 Maccabeesas well as the other books of this genrefaced a major political obstacle to their acceptance. More recent English language versions of the Bible which contain 1 Maccabees include the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV), Good News Translation (GNT), New American Bible, Revised Edition (NABRE). Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. 16:2 And Simon called his two eldest sons, Judas and John, and said to them: I and my brethren, and my father's house, have fought against the enemies of Israel from our youth even to this day: and things have prospered so well in our hands that we have delivered . 6 summary 1 john chapter 5 usccb irregulars chapter 5 1 mangakakalot com family affair vol 1 chapter 5 w mangairo com 1 maccabees chapter 5 usccb chapter 5 determining income and calculating rent 5 1 hard times book the first sowing chapters 5 8 summary ch 5 where s all my stuff the witcher gamefaqs jane eyre volume 1 chapter 5 shmoop chapter . VERSE 64. 2 Chronicles. 2 Maccabees falls more into theological history, in other words the attempt to reflect on Gods role in the events described. Unlike most of the Books of the Maccabees, 1 Maccabees was written in Hebrew and translated into Greek as part of the . But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. Alexandra was succeeded by another son, Aristobulus II. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes eventually comes to rule over Syria. came there forth out of Israel. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. Their faith in the resurrection, which they explicitly assert (v. 11), gives them the courage to undergo terrible sufferings to keep the holy Law of God, sufferings in which they are also supported by their mothers faith. He then imposes a tax and establishes a fortress in Jerusalem. [49]He argues that the author was likely an eyewitness to at least some of the battles described given his great accuracy and plausibility in describing terrain and troop movements, and was able to obtain firsthand accounts from others in interviews. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaeas relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175164/163 bce) to the death (135/134 bce) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers the territory of Judea, and is later succeeded by the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes. 2 Samuel. Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. 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