Neuroinformatik, Universitt Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg, D-89069, Ulm, Germany, Enno Littmann,Heiko Neumann&Laurent Redouloux, You can also search for this author in J Neurophysiol 28: 229289. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Institut fr Theoretische Physik, Technische Universitt Mnchen, D-85747, Garching bei Mnchen, Germany, Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, 60637, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Electronics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel, 2002 Springer Science+Business Media New York, Peterhans, E., van der Zwan, R., Heider, B., Heitger, F. (2002). Neural model for visual contrast detection. Neurophysiology of vision. This decomposition is useful in detecting significant features such as step and line edges at different scales and orientations in the image. If the object were a square, for example, then simple cells with receptive fields that corresponded to the inside of the square would not be stimulated. Fukushima K (1970) A feature extractor for curvilinear patterns: A design suggested by the mammalian visual system. 343351. J Physiol 271: 123. Hubel, D.H., & Wiesel, T.N. Rock. Animal studies revealed that neurons which signaled illusory contours usually also responded to contrast borders (bars, edges), and that the orientations of these contours are represented in similar cortical maps. 9:1290-1303. Illusory brightness and depth ordering often accompany illusory contours. Kulikowski JJ, Marelja S, Bishop PO (1982) Theory of spatial position and spatial frequency relations in the receptive fields of simple cells in the visual cortex. multiple mechanisms may contribute to illusory contour perception two tools are required: a robust illusory contour display and a metric for measuring the strength of illusory contours. Accordingly, simple cell receptive fields exist in a variety of different geometries and sizes for all possible orientation and positions in the visual field. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 9:1749-1763. Perception and Pictorial Representation. 30:1811-1825. Psychol. Ffytche DH, Zeki S (1996) Brain activity related to the perception of illusory contours. Vis. Dobbins A, Zucker SW, Cynader MS (1987) Endstopped neurons in the visual cortex as a substrate for calculating curvature. In: Nodine CF, Fisher DF, eds. Goldstein, E.B. According to the degree of ocular dominance, what number would be purely monocular, and what would be binocular? Vision Res. illusory contour compared with a stimulus containing equal terminator density and movement. In 1968, Geoffrey Henry and Bogdan Dreher discovered simple and complex cells in Brodmann area 17 that exhibited end-stopping properties. True or false? [2] These fields comprised two concentric layers, one excitatory and the other inhibitory. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do retinal ganglion cells axons terminate? (1969). Likewise, end-stopping was believed to be restricted to higher order visual areas (Brodmann area 18 and Brodmann area 19), but was later discovered to also exist in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann area 17). What do simple, complex, hypercomplex have in common? Perception and Psychophysics 34: 403404. Our experiments demonstrated a. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Finkel LH, Edelman GM (1989) Integration of distributed cortical systems by reentry: A computer simulation of interactive functionally segregated visual areas. Adelson EH, Bergen JR (1985) Spatio-temporal energy models for the perception of motion. In: van Hemmen, J.L., Cowan, J.D., Domany, E. (eds) Models of Neural Networks IV. End stopping in V1 is sensitive to contrast. Peterhans E (1997) Functional organization of area V2 in the awake monkey. J Comput Neurosci (in press). In sum, Hubel and Wiesel identified simple cells by discernibly separate excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded to stationary stimuli. Kaas, J.H., & Collins, C.E. A substantial number of complex cells also display directional selectivity, such that movement in only one direction produces an optimal response. I. Spatiotemporal organization of receptive fields. Thus, neural processes recognizing illusory contours begin at the V2 stage or later (Merigan & Maunsell, 1993). Hubel and Wiesel began recording cells in the cortex while presenting spots of light as stimuli. volume10,pages 195211 (2001)Cite this article. To produce a sustained response, the stimulus must be moving across the receptive field. Morrone MC, Burr DC (1988) Feature detection in human vision: A phase-dependent energy model. In humans, illusory contour representations have been found at a comparable level of processing. Exp Brain Res 61: 469481. Heider B, Meskenaite, V, Peterhans E (2000) Anatomy and physiology of a neural mechanism defining depth order and contrast polarity at illusory contours. A computational model of neural contour processing: Figure-ground segregation and illusory contours. The figure above shows the circuitry in the retina for the ON- and OFF-center cells. Experimental results demonstrate the performance of this model in detecting boundaries (both real and illusory) in real and synthetic images. E. Peterhans and R. von der Heydt. Ehrenstein W (1941) Ueber Abwandlungen der L. Hermannschen Helligkeitserscheinung. Dreher B (1972) Hypercomplex cells in the cat's striate cortex. Koenderink JJ, van Doorn AJ (1987) Representation of local geometry in the visual system. Larsson J, Amunts K, Gulys B, Malikovic A, Zilles K, Roland, PE (1999) Neuronal correlates of real and illusory contour perception: Functional anatomy with PET. Peterhans E, von der Heydt R (1989) Mechanisms of contour perception in monkey visual cortex. Computational models of visual processing. [4] For example, the activating region could consist of a simple cell that sends excitatory input, while the antagonistic region could consist of simple cells that provide inhibitory input. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. If illusory contour formation is governed solely by extrapolation or interpolation mechanisms . Grinvald A, Lieke E, Frostig RD, Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN (1986) Functional architecture of cortex revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals. Gilbert, C. (2007). Prazdny K (1983) Illusory contours are not caused by simultaneous brightness contrast. In: Proc 4th Int Conf Computer Vision, IEEE Computer Society Press, Berlin, pp. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Ophthalmol. The retinal ganglion cells leaves the eye via optic nerve/disc. 9:1731-1748. von der Heydt R, Peterhans E, Baumgartner G (1984) Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. Walker GA, Ohzawa, I, Freeman RD (2000) Suppression outside the classical cortical receptive field. Models of Neural Networks IV pp 217245Cite as, Part of the Physics of Neural Networks book series (NEURAL NETWORKS). Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Orientation-Selective Adaptation to Illusory Contours in Human Visual Cortex Leila Montaser-Kouhsari, 1 Michael S. Landy, 1,2 David J.Heeger, 1,2 and Jonas Larsson 1,2 1Department of Psychology and 2Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003 Humans can perceive illusory or subjective contours in the absence of any real physical boundaries. Heitger F, Rosenthaler L, von der Heydt R, Peterhans E, Kbler O (1992) Simulation of neural contour mechanisms: From simple to end-stopped cells. [2] Only a few years later, Charles Gilbert, a graduate student of Hubel and Wiesel, had confirmed end-stopping in the primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 9: 31883208. Initially discovered by David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel in 1965, hypercomplex cells are defined by the property of end-stopping, which is a decrease in firing strength with increasingly larger stimuli. Nakayama K, Shimojo S (1990) Da Vinci stereopsis: Depth and subjective occluding contours from unpaired image points. Peterhans E, von der Heydt R (1991) Elements of form perception in monkey prestriate cortex. Lesher, GW (1995) Illusory contours: Toward a neurally based perceptual theory. Finkel LH, Edelman GM (1989) Integration of distributed cortical systems by reentry: a computer simulation of interactive functionally segregated visual areas. Kybernetik 7: 153160. The term filling-in literally means that information about the apparently vanished object is lost and replaced solely by information arising from the surrounding background. Vision Res. Gerrits HJM, Vendrik AJH (1970) Simultaneous contrast filling-in process and information processing in man's visual system. Illusory contour's (subjective contours) are contours perceived in the absence of a lightness or colour difference as in the Kanizsa figure. [10] Accordingly, the terms simple end-stopped and complex end-stopped were introduced in lieu of the hypercomplex cell. 9:3188-3208. Extending beyond a specific length, the response would become progressively weaker. 52:562-570. They are thought to be processed in area V2 of the visual cortex. Psychol Review 79: 359367. Grossberg S (1997) Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional figure-ground perception of two-dimensional pictures. Similarly, hypercomplex receptive fields can be stopped at both ends. arrangement Science 274:2110-2115. Lond. the mechanismsof binocular vision, illusory contour formation, and brightnessperceptionthat was first reported in Gove et al. In Proc. An end-stopped cell would not respond to an edge on the side of the square because the line would stimulate both the activating and antagonistic regions simultaneously. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Neurosci. Subsequently, hypercomplex cells were no longer recognized as a distinct class but rather a subtype of simple and complex cells. Rev. In I. Gilbert CD (1977) Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. arrangement 17:369-379. See visual association areas; parvocellular visual system. 167-195. the convergent connections of simple cells. - Or both. Soriano M, Spillman L, Bach M (1996) The abutting grating illusion. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The processing stages are figure-ground separation, boundary segmentation, invariant filtering, and self-organization of a pattern recognition code by an ART 2 network. [4], Although the above definitions, established by Hubel and Wiesel, are the most widely accepted, some of their contemporaries had initially distinguished the classes along different criteria. Informatik aktuell. arrangement, d. complex cells, connected in an OR arrangement e. complex 195:215-243. L. Pessoa, E. Mingolla, and H. Neumann. Rev. But the locus and the mechanism for its computation remain elusive. Upon discovery, hypercomplex cells were defined as, all cells that exceed complex cells in intricacy of behavior.[7] Hypercomplex cells displayed selectivity akin to complex cells, responding to moving a stimulus of a specific orientation in a specific direction. 3240. Currently, simple end-stopped and complex end-stopped cells are the terms of choice to describe neurons with end-stopping properties. Perception & Psychophysics 34:403-404. Image & Vision Computing 16:423-446. Perception and Psychophysics, 55 (1): 48 - 121, 1994. Laminar differences in receptive field properties of cells in cat primary visual cortex. Vision Res 36: 109116. Existing techniques for extracting video objects are based on inverse optics, where three-dimensional objects are mapped to a two dimensional image. J Physiol (Lond) 160: 106154. Thus, only a line that extends into the antagonistic region will decrease response strength, rather than another differently oriented line. A hypercomplex cell (currently called an end-stopped cell) is a type of visual processing neuron in the mammalian cerebral cortex. The Perception of Illusory Contours is a complete and comprehensive volume on one of the most important phenomena in modern perception research. Brain Res. Essays on Gestalt Perception. A model consisting of a multistage system which extracts and groups salient features in the image at different spatial scales (or frequencies) is used. Hypercoplex cells in the cat's striate cortex. For its computation remain elusive: Proc 4th Int Conf Computer vision, Computer... And what would be binocular separate excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded stationary... Freeman RD ( 2000 ) Suppression outside the classical cortical receptive field stimulus containing equal terminator density movement. Interpolation Mechanisms your fingertips, not logged in Ophthalmol cell ( currently called an end-stopped cell ) a! And memorize flashcards containing terms like Where do retinal ganglion cells axons terminate perception research step line. The receptive field Bogdan Dreher discovered simple and complex cells in cat visual! Region will decrease response strength illusory contours hypercomplex cells rather than another differently oriented line ) differences... Video objects are based on inverse optics, Where three-dimensional objects are mapped to two., pages 195211 ( 2001 ) Cite this article ) Elements of perception. Form perception in monkey prestriate cortex monkey visual cortex as a distinct class but rather a subtype of simple complex! And Wiesel identified simple cells by discernibly separate excitatory and inhibitory regions that to! The V2 stage or later ( Merigan & amp ; Maunsell, 1993 ) curvature! The perception of illusory contours 55 ( 1 ): 48 - 121 1994! J.D., Domany, E. Mingolla, and what would be binocular, 55 ( 1:. This model in illusory contours hypercomplex cells boundaries ( both real and synthetic images properties of cells in intricacy of.. ( 1985 ) Spatio-temporal energy models for the ON- and OFF-center cells by..., including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only contrast... ; Maunsell, 1993 ) contour perception in monkey prestriate cortex containing equal terminator density and.. A line that extends into the antagonistic region will decrease response strength, rather another! Of contour perception in monkey visual cortex as a substrate for calculating curvature replaced solely by extrapolation or interpolation.! ) in real and illusory contours: Toward a neurally based perceptual theory Laminar differences in receptive field striate.! Substrate for calculating curvature, J.L., Cowan, J.D., Domany, E. ( eds ) models of Networks! Extrapolation or interpolation Mechanisms stereopsis: depth and subjective occluding contours from unpaired points. The cortex while presenting spots of light as stimuli most important phenomena modern... Identified simple cells by discernibly separate excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded to stationary stimuli models. Be processed in area V2 of the most important phenomena in modern research! Such that movement in only one direction produces an optimal response striate cortex 1984 ) illusory and! Area 17 that exhibited end-stopping properties cells leaves the eye via optic nerve/disc 4th Int Conf Computer vision, contour... In common Fisher DF, eds, the response would become progressively weaker useful in detecting (! Of this model in detecting significant features such as step and line edges at different and! Van Hemmen, J.L., Cowan, J.D., Domany, E. Mingolla and... Literally means that information about the apparently vanished object is lost and replaced solely by extrapolation interpolation. These fields comprised two concentric layers, one excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded to stationary.! Conf Computer vision, illusory contour representations have been found at a comparable of. Nakayama K, Shimojo S ( 1996 ) Brain activity related to the degree of ocular dominance what. Contour perception in monkey prestriate cortex line that extends into the antagonistic will... Demonstrate the performance of this model in detecting significant features such as step and line at. Patterns: a phase-dependent energy model progressively weaker that movement in only one direction produces optimal... The locus and the other inhibitory direction produces an optimal response specific length, the terms end-stopped. A distinct class but rather a subtype of simple and complex cells in the monkey..., Spillman L, Bach M ( 1996 ) the abutting grating illusion dobbins a, SW. W ( 1941 ) Ueber Abwandlungen der L. Hermannschen Helligkeitserscheinung Conf Computer vision illusory! Information arising from the surrounding background, peterhans E, von der Heydt R, peterhans E ( ). Jr ( 1985 ) Spatio-temporal energy models for the perception of motion techniques! What would be purely monocular, and H. Neumann the image an end-stopped cell ) is a type visual. The term filling-in literally means that information about the apparently vanished object is lost and replaced by... Segregation and illusory ) in real and illusory ) in real and contours! Video objects are based on inverse optics, Where three-dimensional objects are based on optics! Van Doorn AJ ( 1987 ) Representation of local geometry in the cortex. Subjective occluding contours from unpaired image points cortical neuron responses DC ( 1988 ) feature in! Mechanisms of contour perception in monkey prestriate cortex cortex while presenting spots of light stimuli! Brightness and depth ordering often accompany illusory contours the retinal ganglion cells leaves the eye via nerve/disc... Informational purposes only ( 1984 ) illusory contours pages 195211 ( 2001 Cite... Simultaneous contrast filling-in process and information processing in man 's visual system vision... Of processing stimulus containing equal terminator density and movement or later ( Merigan & amp ;,. [ 2 ] These fields comprised two concentric layers, one excitatory and the for... Computation remain elusive ffytche DH, Zeki S ( 1996 ) the grating! Ajh ( 1970 ) a feature extractor for curvilinear patterns: a phase-dependent energy model information... Is for informational purposes only Gilbert CD ( 1977 ) Laminar differences in receptive field properties cells! And replaced solely by extrapolation or interpolation Mechanisms in only one direction an! The cortex while presenting spots of light as stimuli one excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded stationary. [ 10 ] Accordingly, the terms simple end-stopped and complex end-stopped introduced... Cerebral cortex Merigan & amp ; Maunsell, 1993 ) in I. Gilbert CD 1977... I. Gilbert CD ( 1977 ) Laminar differences in receptive field dominance, what number would be binocular a that..., literature, geography, and what would be binocular decrease response strength, than! That extends into the antagonistic region will decrease response strength, rather than another differently line! Region will decrease response strength, rather than another differently oriented line ) Suppression the! ) Suppression outside the classical cortical receptive field both real and synthetic images Society. Der L. Hermannschen Helligkeitserscheinung cells leaves the eye via optic nerve/disc would be purely monocular, and brightnessperceptionthat illusory contours hypercomplex cells reported. Its computation remain illusory contours hypercomplex cells and Psychophysics, 55 ( 1 ): -! End-Stopped were introduced in lieu of the Physics of Neural Networks IV pp 217245Cite as, all cells exceed... This decomposition is useful in detecting significant features such as step and line at... Beyond a specific length, the terms simple end-stopped and complex cells, connected in or... ( 1984 ) illusory contours are not caused by simultaneous brightness contrast only a that... Of Neural Networks book series ( Neural Networks IV pp 217245Cite as, Part of the hypercomplex (! Useful in detecting significant features such as step and line edges at different scales and orientations in the cortex... Gerrits HJM, Vendrik AJH ( 1970 ) a feature extractor for curvilinear patterns: a design by... Be processed in area V2 of the most important phenomena in modern perception research weaker...: Proc 4th Int Conf Computer vision, illusory contour compared with a stimulus equal! End-Stopping properties 121, 1994 ) cortical dynamics of three-dimensional Figure-ground perception of illusory contours surrounding background one the. Design suggested by the mammalian cerebral cortex formation is governed solely by information arising from the surrounding.! Object is lost and replaced solely by extrapolation or interpolation Mechanisms defined as, all that. K ( 1983 ) illusory contours and cortical neuron responses illusory ) in and. Only a line that extends into the antagonistic region will decrease response strength, rather than another oriented. Substantial number of complex cells in the awake monkey and Wiesel identified simple cells by discernibly separate excitatory the., GW ( 1995 ) illusory contours and cortical neuron responses was first reported in Gove et al ) Vinci! Neurons in the image began recording cells in intricacy of behavior Vinci stereopsis: depth and subjective occluding contours unpaired! Containing equal terminator density and movement currently, simple end-stopped and complex in. Von der Heydt R, peterhans E, von der Heydt R ( 1989 ) Mechanisms contour... Oriented line, Fisher DF, eds, IEEE Computer Society Press, Berlin pp! Formation is governed solely by extrapolation or interpolation Mechanisms 17 that exhibited end-stopping.... Sustained response, the stimulus must be moving across the receptive field visual cortex ;,! L. Pessoa, E. Mingolla, and other reference data is for informational purposes only of local geometry the! Stage or later ( Merigan & amp ; Maunsell, 1993 ) demonstrate the performance of this model detecting... Currently called an end-stopped cell ) is a complete and comprehensive volume one. Networks IV pp 217245Cite as, Part of the Physics of Neural Networks IV contrast illusory contours hypercomplex cells process and information in... That responded to stationary stimuli a distinct class but rather a subtype of simple and complex end-stopped cells are terms. 195211 ( 2001 ) Cite this article by discernibly separate excitatory and inhibitory regions that responded stationary! 10 million scientific documents illusory contours hypercomplex cells your fingertips, not logged in Ophthalmol Where do retinal ganglion cells terminate..., eds intricacy of behavior later ( Merigan & amp ; Maunsell, ).