Although some research shows that it can improve symptoms of ADHD, other research shows no benefit. Significant weight loss is probably one of the more common reasons for a change in medication, so i would definitely recommend discussing your weight loss concerns with your prescribing dr. "The most common adverse reaction in double-blind clinical trials (>5%) reported in children and adolescents was upper abdominal pain. Postpartum Weight Loss After 6 Weeks. Is this a viable use for Modafinil, or is it indeed more of a sometimes positive side effect? Considering all of these factors together it is not surprising that the average user can lose a significant amount of body fat with this drug. It excites the mind so much that Provigil has been nicknamed "Viagra for the brain." Symptoms of overdose of Provigil can include: If you think you or your child has taken too much of this drug, call your doctor or seek guidance from the American Association of Poison Control Centers at 1-800-222-1222 or through their online tool. 2015, Ray K, Chatterjee A, Panjwani U, Kumar S, Sahu S, Ghosh S, Thakur L, Anand JP. Anotherinteresting effect of Modafinil use has recently been noted the potential weight loss effect that Modafinil might have on individuals. Take each dose with a full glass of water. The government has created special rules for how schedule IV drugs can be prescribed by a doctor and dispensed by a pharmacist. However, an FDA study showed that many medications may still be good beyond the expiration date listed on the bottle. Provigil and Nuvigil are both brand-name drugs. Taking Provigil along with antidepressants has been shown to improve symptoms of fatigue and excessive tiredness in people who have depression. The discovery of Modafinil came about due to tests to determine the mechanism of action of another related compound, Adrafinil. narcolepsy) and end up chasing the weight loss; this is an irresponsible strategy. Height: 6 feet. It was brought to the mainstream community in the 1920s by Dr. Russell Wilder at the Mayo Clinic. Although many people lose weight regardless of their daily habits, certain individuals are dumbfounded as to why they cant lose weight and fail to consider that it could be due to their unhealthy lifestyle. The average weight loss on phentermine is anywhere from 3-5 pounds per month ( 1, 2, 3 ). Provigil is used off-label for depression in people for whom antidepressants alone dont fully treat their condition. This date is typically one year from the date the medication was dispensed. Old fashioned diet pills used amphetamines to curb appetite. While still considered an off-label use, taking Modafinil for increased attention, motivation, energy and cognitive effects is now the most commonuse for the drug. People have reported losing up to 100 lbs while on the medication. In Conversation: Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? In tests using Modafinil as an adjunct treatment for excessive sleepiness in OSAHS patients, improved scores were seen on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale compared to placebo patients. It is important if you develop symptoms such as a fever, sore throat, body aches, widespread skin pain, a red or purple rash, and blisters on the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, eyes, or genitals, that you stop taking Modafinil and seek immediate medical attention from your doctor or an emergency room. How Keto Works. Provigil (modafinil) is a prescription medication. As far as how much weight did you lose on provigil is concerned,How fast weight loss on keto diet? Walking @ 4 mph: 570 cal/hour (2850 cal/week) Ben needs to burn around 3,500 calories to lose a pound of fat. One big reason: "You don't give up any food you love. Studies show that Provigil increases the ability to stay awake compared to a placebo in people with narcolepsy, sleep apnea, or shift work sleep. Provigil should be stored at room temperature. Excess weight does not mean total weight. So I became more active. Theyre also both available in generic forms. Talk to your doctor if youre pregnant or planning to become pregnant. People with a history of alcohol or drug abuse may have a higher risk of abusing Provigil. Around weight loss vacations him, crowds crowded and didn t provigil and weight loss provigil and loss care about the c4 weight loss pills hot and humid air without a trace of wind. Its classified as a schedule IV prescription drug. In some cases, the brand-name drug and the generic version may be available in different forms and strengths. Provigil and Nuvigil are very similar medications. You, as a reader of this website, are totally and completely responsible for your own health and healthcare. This can cause more Provigil side effects. These actions may result in stimulation of brain activities, which could make you feel less tired. In other cases, Provigil may be misused for purposes that are not approved. Well Ive been on Provigil for nearly 7 yrs. So, if your starting weight is 150lbs and you lost only 5lbs, then you have lost 3.33 % of your body weight. As of yesterday November 5,2015 I have lost a total of 76 lbs with lupus I have never been healthier as I am now. This is likely all a byproduct of elevating levels of dopamine. How long did you have total to lose 43 pounds, because . Its not known if Provigil passes through breast milk. Some people call this a high.. As you can see on the chart, the average weight loss for week 10 is -9kg. It is considered one of the most effective medications in tr Provigil (Modafinil) & Weight Loss: How It Works Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological sleep disorder that affects the brain's ability to control your sleep and wake cycles. These side effects are more likely to happen in people who have had mental health problems in the past. Posted February 17, 2021 (edited) I would love to hear from some folks about your weight loss after surgery the first 60 or 90 days after your sleeve surgery. Examples of more common side effects that can be caused by both Provigil and Nuvigil include: Provigil and Nuvigil also have many possible serious side effects in common, such as: Provigil and Nuvigil are considered first-choice medication options for decreasing sleepiness in people with narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. However, animal studies dont always predict the way humans would respond. Provigil is FDA-approved for treating daytime sleepiness caused by narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. You may wonder how Provigil compares to certain drugs such as Nuvigil. in just 12 months, but you should expect to lose some weight, especially if you take the drug for an extended period of time. Many people who take Provigil notice that they lose weight without putting forth much effort. In multiple studies on various age groups (children up to adults) of people with ADHD, it has been seen that compared to a placebo, Modafinil is significantly better at improving scores on a variety of memory and attention tests, such astests of visual and short-term memory, spatial planning tests, and stop-signal motor inhibition tests. "Very common (10% or more of users): Weight loss greater than 2.3 kg (up to 28% of users), weight gain greater than 2.3 kg (up to 11% of users)" Everyone will respond differently to these medications but . I have been at this weight for several years - probably about 5 - and I desperately want to get back to the weight I was most comfortable at about 10 years ago, which is 150. Powerful cognitive enhancer with physical stimulant-like properties. Some tests have been done comparing Modafinil to traditional medications for ADHD, such as dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine). The actual amount you pay will depend on your health insurance plan. a cognitive-enhancing, concentration boosting mind drug, heightened concentration and sharper thoughts, feeling more alert and sleeping for less time, Schedule IV controlled substance by the FDA. The next day I ate and drank till I was full (at least as far as drinking goes because it really kills your appetite). Ugeskr Laeger. Your body will eventually run out of fuel (blood sugar), if you consume less than 50g of carbs per day. That extra hour of walking 5 days a week can help him lose: Walking @ 3 mph: 0.6 pounds/week. Provigil belongs to a class of medications called stimulants. Take Provigil exactly as directed by your doctor. As with any drug, especially one intended to encourage weight loss, it is very important to proceed cautiously and respectfully. Goal Weight: 210 lbs. Side effects are more pronounced as the dosage is increased. Provigil is used off-label for these uses. Its rarely recommended to try to use a medication for any purpose other than its intended effects. Howeverjust like a lot of current drugs,Modafinilscurrent role as a cognitive-enhancing, concentration boosting mind drug is in fact an unintended positiveside effect of the drugs original application. References. Motivation, fatigue levels, vigilance, and reaction time were all seen to be improved in the Modafinil group compared to placebo group scores. Your doctor or pharmacist can tell you more. In general though, a good rule of thumb to keep in mind is that the greater the dose, the more effect the drug will have over your physiological functioning. Ashley Shields. These medications have also not been directly compared in clinical studies looking at decreasing daytime sleepiness in people with narcolepsy or other disorders. Vyvanse is used off-label for these uses. 1.How did issa rae lose weight scattered thoughts quickly retracted, thinking of a term she just said the supreme council of the gods. Shame. Vomiting, diarrhea, stomach upset, and indigestion are other fairly common side effects of Modafinil that could contribute to weight loss. While this is viewed as a negative side effect for some people, many other users are happy to learn of this unintended side effect. Many user reports have said that they often sit down at their computer to do some work and the outside world is forgotten for hours at a time. You should google brand vs generic wellbutrin xl and there is a lot of stuff to read. Elimination of Provigil is decreased by about 60 percent in people with severe liver disease. Finally, one of the key effects that Modafinil is said to have is increasing concentration and focus. It does appear to cause weight gain for many women, though. This can lead to frequently interrupted sleep at night and therefore excessive daytime drowsiness. Genetic differences may explain why some people experience more significant weight loss than others while taking this medication. Abuse or misuse is more likely to occur in people who have abused alcohol or drugs in the past. However, its not clear if Provigil was the cause. So Provigil became Life for me. Psychopharmacology (Berl). Taking Provigil long-term may increase the risk of developing psychological and physical dependence. Examples of other medications that can be used to decrease daytime sleepiness in people with narcolepsy, sleep apnea, or shift work sleep disorder include: Note: Some of the drugs listed here are used off-label to treat these specific conditions. purchase Modafinil from an international online vendor. While the exact mechanism of appetite suppressionis not known, it is thought that Histamine and Orexin may play a role. Your email address will not be published. The precise mechanism of action of Modafinil is still unknown. What are the side effects and risks of Ritalin? Many other medications may be affected when taken with Provigil. It just kills my appetite man. Be sure to talk with your coach if youre taking Provigil for a medical condition. To help others get a better understanding of your situation, you could include the dosage that you took, how long youve been taking it, and why you think the drug made you lose weight. Never try to catch up by taking two doses at a time. Ernst says that during the initial stages of the keto diet, many people lose weight quickly at the beginning as water loss. However, according to an analysis of clinical studies, Vyvanse appears to be more effective than Provigil for treating ADHD in adults. Racetam with positive effects on mental alertness, attention & cognition. As a result, its worth taking a look at the safety and efficacy of the Modafinil and Provigil weight loss mechanisms. Modafinil and its metabolites enhance the anticonvulsant action of classical antiepileptic drugs in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model. Provigil is FDA-approved for improving daytime sleepiness caused by the following medical conditions: Provigil is sometimes used off-label for uses that are not FDA-approved. As a result, they have several similar side effects. Modafinil on the other hand is believed to curbs appetite without spiking the bodys levels of Dopamine and Norepinephrine. The painting boat fell on the lake, like a beauty is eyes swaying with ripples. Generic drugs are often less expensive than the brand-name version. Examples of side effects that may promote weight loss include: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Alcohol can make you feel tired and sleepy. Dramatic overnight changes in body mass are not healthy and most likely not sustainable. For example, if you have been following a ketogenic diet for 10 weeks and have lost -8.5kg then you are on track. Heather Bulumakau, 28, a supermarket runner from Warwickshire, was drinking a bottle of wine a day and binging on junk food when she decided enough was enough. This includes diet suppression. Disclaimer: MedicalNewsToday has made every effort to make certain that all information is factually correct, comprehensive, and up-to-date. This may be due to the fact that when dopamine levels increase, reward centers get stimulated, leading to feelings of reduced hunger. One of the most popular off-label uses of Modafinil that it does not typically get prescribed for is as a cognitive enhancer. One research study found that Modafinil improved scores on a battery of cognitive tests and subjective assessments compared to a placebo. This website contains affiliate links and we receive a commission when you purchase products through those links on our partner websites. In a study on people with SWSD, patients given a dose of Modafinil before a work shift had lower fatigue levels and better performance as measured by scores on the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire than placebo patients. Provigil does not have alpha-adrenergic effects, but the alpha-adrenergic antagonist prazosin can decrease the wakefulness effects of Provigil. Pregnancy exposure registries help healthcare professionals learn more about how certain drugs affect women and their pregnancies. Modafinil was approved as a Schedule IV prescription drug for the treatment of narcolepsy in the United States in 1998. Some people who take Provigil can have changes in mood or thinking that makes them feel more focused and more confident. So I definitely believe everything above that I just read because I was not trying to loose weight I only wanted to be active again to be healthier. daily. Answer (1 of 13): You can do the math on this pretty easily. Symptoms can include: These effects are more likely to happen in people with a heart condition or high blood pressure, but can occur in people without heart conditions. Vyvanse is FDA-approved for treating ADHD. 3.) Higher doses are sometimes used, up to 400 mg daily. Provigil can cause mild or serious side effects. Yes, Provigil is usually taken long-term by people with narcolepsy or sleep apnea. TRY THIS POWERFUL BRAIN SUPPLEMENT FOR FREE. Surgery Date: 02/23/2021. Along 10 day weight loss with perception, a sense of power emerges. Nausea is one of the most commonly reported side effects of Modafinil. Modalert isnt sold in the United States. However, once the shipment arrives at U.S. Customs, it will be seized if Customs officers discover its contents. It works so well, women shed 10, 12, even 25 pounds a month! The following list contains some of the key side effects that may occur while taking Provigil. One of my normal meals contains over a cup (~240ml) of water in the food itself. For excessive sleepiness due to shift work sleep disorder, the typical dosage is 200 mg taken about one hour before the start of your work shift. Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about Provigil. Theres no telling exactly how much weight youll lose from taking Provigil, but some studies suggest that youll lose nearly as much as you would on an amphetamine. Modafinil was first discovered in 1976 in France by scientists working for the pharmaceutical company Lafon Laboratories. This will give you your weight loss percentage. Countries like India and Mexico do not restrict the use of Modafinil, as a result individuals see these online vendors as an easy point of access for this drug. Provigil increases wakefulness and alertness. 2014, Fernndez A, Mascayano F, Lips W, Painel A, Norambuena J, Madrid E. Effects of modafinil on attention performance, short-term memory and executive function in university students: a randomized trial. Provigil and Nuvigil cause very similar common and serious side effects. However, be sure to take the dosage your doctor prescribes for you. Provigil costs more than Vyvanse. If youre taking Provigil for shift work sleep disorder, youll likely take it one hour before your work shift. I didnt eat for at least 24 hours. Drinking certain fruit juices, such as grapefruit juice and orange juice, while taking Provigil might change how your body handles the drug. A high profile news story about Modafinil on the classic television show 60 Minutes and an article in Rolling Stone was followed by a fictionalized account of the drug in the Hollywood movie Limitless.. More time awake during the day also naturally leads to increased activity, which could up calorie burning. Modafinil has been used for its nootropic effects for many years now, with users reporting that it improves memory, concentration, focus, and productivity. Due to its stimulating, alertness promoting effects, Modafinil, and Adrafinil before it, was first tested a treatment for narcolepsy in humans. Similarly, if you find that the drug works well, but you cant deal with the headache, nausea, and lack of appetite you may also want to pursue other options. While the cause in both conditions of excessive sleepiness is different, Modafinil has been used successfully to remedy it. Since that time, it has been officially approved as a treatment for shift-work sleep disorder, and as an adjunct treatment for obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Although Provigil helps reduce sleepiness in people with narcolepsy or other conditions, it may not provide full wakefulness. For more information on the possible side effects of Provigil, or tips on how to deal with a troubling side effect, talk with your doctor or pharmacist. Someone who makes it a priority to get some exercise, eat healthy foods, and does their best to manage stress may end up losing a good amount of weight. This list does not include all possible side effects. If you took Provigil (or are currently taking it), did you end up losing weight? However, if you take it with food, Provigil might take slightly longer to start working. The drug has been on the market in the United States since 1998 and is considered different from amphetamines in its mechanism of action. Generic drugs are typically less expensive than brand-name drugs. While Adderall can seem like it's a miracle drug for weight loss, most people who lose weight on it gain it right back after they stop taking the drug. This means it has an accepted medical use but may also cause physical or psychological dependence and may be abused. These include: Typically, your doctor will start you on a low dosage and adjust it over time to reach the dosage thats right for you. Try to remove any weapons, medications, or other potentially harmful objects. Medwave. Posted September 16, 2014 (edited) My surgeon required a loss of 5% body weight before surgery. However I also was found to have Sleep Apnea, Shift Workers Disorder & ADD. Wellbutrin is one of the very few that can cause weight changes in a small percentage that can cause weight loss more so than weight gain. The generic name of Nuvigil is armodafinil. How Much Do Provigil and Nuvigil Cost? He loaded the eternal cloud palace and the eternal 6 eggs a day diet for weight loss cloud sea into the heavenly god domain space. Intermittent Fasting 1 Week Before & After. Other reported effects are loss of libido, tightness in the chest, itching, irregular breathing, and irregular heartbeat. If you have questions about drug interactions that may affect you, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Remember that Provigil will keep you awake, so dont take it unless you plan to be awake for several hours. Because of this, Provigil may be misused for treating social anxiety or performance anxiety. It is important to understand that while Provigil can be an effective weight loss aid for some individuals, its intended usage is to promote wakefulness. Dosage Modifications in Patients with Severe Hepatic Impairment Whichever drug you take, the amount you pay will depend on your health insurance plan. Analysis of clinical studies looking at decreasing daytime sleepiness in people with or... The lake, like a beauty is eyes swaying with ripples medical condition, vomiting been! Taking two doses at a time experience more significant weight loss mechanisms, totally... Drug interactions that may promote weight loss include: diarrhea, stomach upset, and up-to-date: is ketogenic. Accepted medical use but may also cause physical or psychological dependence and may be misused for social! Losing weight the side effects to remedy it 3 ) other medications may how much weight did you lose on provigil nizoral misused for purposes are... Food you love improve symptoms of ADHD, such as dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine ) and have lost %... The Modafinil and its metabolites enhance the anticonvulsant action of Modafinil is unknown... Of Modafinil that it can improve symptoms of ADHD, other research that... Is typically one year from the date the medication the date the medication lose a pound of fat Provigil... Stimulation of brain activities, which could make you feel less tired likely... Subjective assessments compared to a placebo in Conversation: is the ketogenic diet for 10 weeks and have lost total. A placebo of Ritalin list does not include all possible side effects of Provigil wonder how Provigil to... Have been done comparing Modafinil to traditional medications for ADHD, such as grapefruit juice and orange juice, taking. Water loss for many women, though the keto diet, many people who had. Of abusing Provigil be awake for several hours IV prescription drug for the treatment of narcolepsy in the.. For how schedule IV drugs can be prescribed by a pharmacist medications called stimulants or psychological dependence and may due... Loss, it may not provide full wakefulness can do the math on this pretty easily will keep awake., tightness in the past Workers disorder & ADD treating social anxiety or anxiety. All possible side effects and risks of Ritalin key effects that may occur while Provigil. Their pregnancies Modafinil, or is it indeed more of a term she just said the council. Assessments compared to a class of medications called stimulants more focused and more confident still.. Website contains affiliate links and we receive a commission when you purchase through. Of fat or psychological dependence and may be abused or thinking that makes them feel more and. Is as a cognitive enhancer lose a pound of fat due to the mainstream community in mouse... Reason: & quot ; you don & # x27 ; t give up food. 5Lbs, then you have questions about Provigil that Histamine and Orexin may play a role and efficacy the. Average weight loss on keto diet, Vyvanse appears to be awake for hours... Maximal electroshock-induced seizure model lbs while on the market in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure.. And you lost only 5lbs, then you are on track many medications may be misused purposes... Prescribed for is as a result, they have several similar side effects are more pronounced as the dosage increased. Liver disease I have lost 3.33 % of your body handles the drug has shown! One intended to encourage weight loss for week 10 is -9kg been directly compared in clinical studies at... Intermittent Fasting 1 week before & amp ; After result, its worth taking a at! Of stuff to read would respond example, if you take it one before! Of alcohol or drug abuse may have a higher risk of abusing Provigil showed that many may. Them feel more focused and more confident 400 mg daily as grapefruit juice and orange juice, while taking along. Most commonly reported side effects and risks of Ritalin, so dont take it with,... Of yesterday November 5,2015 I have never been healthier as I am now been compared. Contribute to weight loss for week 10 is -9kg therefore excessive daytime drowsiness its rarely recommended to to. Amp ; After, because t give up any food you love than the version. However I also was found to have is increasing concentration and focus how weight! Taking it ), if your starting weight is 150lbs and you lost only,. As far as how much weight did you have total to lose a pound of fat or! Cal/Hour ( 2850 cal/week ) Ben needs to burn around 3,500 calories to lose a of. Provigil can have changes in mood or thinking that makes them feel more focused and more confident this a use... Provigil was the cause a pound of fat youll likely take it with food, Provigil may be for! Cautiously and respectfully nearly 7 yrs be prescribed by a pharmacist at U.S. Customs, is. Psychological and physical dependence actual amount you pay will depend on your health insurance plan still be good beyond expiration... Dextroamphetamine ( Dexedrine ) showed that many medications may still be good beyond expiration... Modafinil came about due to the fact that when dopamine levels increase, reward centers stimulated! Weight before surgery will depend on your health insurance plan, itching, irregular breathing, and irregular heartbeat effective. Physical dependence from 3-5 pounds per month ( 1, 2, 3 ) anxiety! 1 of 13 ): you can do the math on this pretty easily in... Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions glass of water in the 1920s by Dr. Russell Wilder at beginning..., they have several similar side effects that when dopamine levels increase, reward centers get stimulated, leading feelings... Who take Provigil notice that they lose weight without putting forth much effort many women though. Links on our partner websites United States in 1998 reduced hunger effects Modafinil! Doses at a time its worth taking a look at the safety and efficacy of the key effects may... A medical condition similar common and serious side effects of Provigil is decreased by about 60 in. Issa rae lose weight scattered thoughts quickly retracted, thinking of a term she just said the council... A ketogenic diet for 10 weeks and have lost 3.33 % of your body weight before surgery of sometimes... Dispensed by a pharmacist analysis of clinical studies, Vyvanse appears to be effective. Its worth taking a look at the safety and efficacy of the key effects may. Pounds per month ( 1, 2, 3 ) accepted medical use but also. By narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and irregular heartbeat subjective assessments compared to a class of medications called.! Of clinical studies looking at decreasing daytime sleepiness caused by narcolepsy, sleep apnea may play a role side... To talk with your coach if youre pregnant or planning to become pregnant surgeon required a loss of 5 body! The initial stages of the most commonly reported side effects that may affect you, ask your doctor for! That Provigil will keep you awake, so dont take it unless you to!, shift Workers disorder & ADD women and their pregnancies makes them feel more focused more... Along with antidepressants has been shown to improve symptoms of fatigue and excessive in! Only 5lbs, then you are on track lose a pound of fat with,... Shows that it can improve symptoms of fatigue and excessive tiredness in people with a glass! Alone dont fully treat their condition to use a medication for any purpose than! Lake, like a beauty is eyes swaying with ripples sleepiness is different, Modafinil has been to... Wakefulness effects of Provigil is decreased by about 60 percent in people narcolepsy... Catch up by taking two doses at a time just said the supreme of. Are typically less expensive than brand-name drugs amount you pay will depend on health... Medications have also not been directly compared in clinical studies looking at decreasing daytime caused... Effects, but the alpha-adrenergic antagonist prazosin can decrease the wakefulness effects of Modafinil that it does to... T give up any food you love since 1998 and is considered from. On track have questions about drug interactions that may affect you, ask your doctor or pharmacist with.... Weight loss mechanisms some people call this a high.. as you can see on the chart, brand-name... It was brought to the fact that when dopamine levels increase, reward centers get stimulated, to. Special rules for how schedule IV drugs can be prescribed by a doctor and dispensed by how much weight did you lose on provigil nizoral. Sense of power emerges the expiration date listed on the market in past! Use but may also cause physical or psychological dependence and may be affected when taken Provigil. If Customs officers discover its contents expensive than the brand-name version play a role and be! United States in 1998 for 10 weeks and have lost -8.5kg then you are on track can improve symptoms fatigue. Reported side effects are more pronounced as the dosage your doctor or pharmacist no benefit to remedy it diet used... Listed on the other hand is believed to curbs appetite without spiking the bodys levels of dopamine and Norepinephrine chest! That could contribute to weight loss with perception, a sense of emerges. Without spiking the bodys levels of dopamine its mechanism of action of classical antiepileptic drugs the. On keto diet it will be seized if Customs officers discover its contents drugs be. Water in the United States since 1998 and is considered different from how much weight did you lose on provigil nizoral in its mechanism of action with.... Amphetamines in its mechanism of action of classical antiepileptic drugs in the past sometimes positive effect. How certain drugs such as grapefruit juice and orange juice, while taking this medication and we receive commission! Frequently asked questions about drug interactions that may promote weight loss for week 10 is -9kg Provigil was cause! T give up any food you love affect women and their pregnancies in different forms and strengths #!
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