If the temperature underneath a cloud stays below freezing all the way to the ground, the ice crystals never melt and snow falls. The __________ side of the mountain, where the water does not fall, is usually more arid than the windward side. When a breeze gets much stronger due to a big difference between the high pressure, colder air, and the low-pressure, warmer air this is a __________ force. Sleet results when the layer of subfreezing air at the surface extends upward far enough so that raindrop freezes into a little ball of ice. The UK organisation, TORRO, also scales for both hailstones and hailstorms. Unlike other forms of water ice precipitation, such as graupel (which is made of rime ice), ice pellets (which are smaller and translucent), and snow (which consists of tiny, delicately crystalline flakes or needles), hailstones usually measure between 5mm (0.2in) and 15cm (6in) in diameter. but they are only hail if they fall from Read More >. Ice pellets often bounce when they hit the ground or other solid objects, and make a higher-pitched "tap" when striking objects like jackets, windshields, and dried leaves, compared to the dull splat of liquid raindrops. [7], Surface observations by manned or automatic stations are the only direct confirmation of freezing rain. Tufts are rising columns of air condensing. When the freezing rain or drizzle is light and not prolonged, the ice formed is thin and usually causes only minor damage (relieving trees of their dead branches, etc.). Air masses that form over continents in source regions that are cold are called__________. As hailstones are not perfect spheres, it is difficult to accurately calculate their drag coefficient - and, thus, their speed.[36]. Squall line- a solid line or band of active thunderstorms. For example, in 1994, American Eagle Flight 4184 encountered heavy air traffic and poor weather that postponed the arrival of this flight at Chicago's O'Hare International Airport, where it was to have landed en route from Indianapolis, Indiana. ITCZ (Approximately 15 North Latitude to 15 South Latitude), This is marked by a low-pressure belt around and has been called the doldrums. [27] Accumulating hail storms can blanket the ground with over 2in (5.1cm) of hail, cause thousands to lose power, and bring down many trees. [8][9], The intensity of the radar echoes (reflectivity) is proportional to the form (water or ice) of the precipitation and its diameter. What are the ice pellets known as that fall with rain? Wind chill(Wind chill index) - an apparent temperatures which takes into account the combined effect of lowering temperatures and the rate of heat loss from a human body, caused by the wind. Water dripping on the ground during fog is known as fog drip. It is distinct from ice pellets (American English "sleet"), though the two are often confused. As the cloud and cloud droplets grow in size, the base will begin to gray. Research shows that hail development in the upper levels of the storm is related to the evolution of VIL. __- This is seen as cP air moves over a region where it can pick up warmer, moist air from the ocean. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Flash Flood- a flood that occurs suddenly during or shortly following heavy rains or from a sudden release of water (as in a dam break). They are small, translucent or clear balls of ice. On June 5, 2015, hail up to four feet deep fell on one city block in Denver, Colorado. Air mass modification is when air masses begin move away from source regions, they change based on their surroundings. However, the term sleet refers to a mixture of rain and snow in most Commonwealth countries instead, including Canada. It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is called a hailstone. The hailstones, described as between the size of bumble bees and ping pong balls, were accompanied by rain and high winds. Air masses that form over continents and are warm are called __________. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". These form when snowflakes melt into rain and refreeze as they fall through colder air, resulting in small translucent balls of ice, smaller than hailstones. Some algorithms include the height of the freezing level to estimate the melting of the hailstone and what would be left on the ground. Explain the process of acid rain, and describe some of its negative effects. GR is derived from the French word grle. [1] The METAR reporting code for hail 5mm (0.20in) or greater is GR, while smaller hailstones and graupel are coded GS. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". In most parts of the world, ice pellets only occur for brief periods and do not accumulate a significant and troublesome amount. Who wrote the music and lyrics for Kinky Boots? As they fall back into the sub-freezing layer closer to the surface, they re-freeze into ice pellets. Questions? Its METAR code is RASN. The joint project's goal is to enlist the help of the general public to develop a database of hail accumulation depths. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is __________ pounds per square inch. Reflectivity values at multiple angles above ground level in a storm are proportional to the precipitation rate at those levels. It causes any larger wind patterns when storms have different directions of moving wind. snowflakes. As the plane circled, supercooled cloud droplets, freezing rain or freezing drizzle formed a ridge of ice on the upper surface of its wings, eventually causing the aircraft's autopilot to suddenly disconnect and the pilots to lose control. Pellets generally do not freeze into other solid masses unless mixed with freezing rain. Then, it is possible to associate this clue with surface observations and numerical prediction models to produce output such as the ones seen on television weather programs, where radar echoes are shown distinctly as rain, mixed, and snow precipitations. __- The winter in the southwest part of the US is influenced by this type of air mass. 4 Whats the difference between ice pellets and snow? What do you call the small balls of ice that fall like rain from the sky? It is possible, however, to estimate the area covered by freezing rain with radar indirectly. The updraft fuels the storm. ", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, "P9.5 Evaluation of an Alberta Hail Growth Model Using Severe Hail Proximity Soundings in the United States", "The Influence of Storm Flow Struce on Hail Growth", 10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1965:TIOSFS>2.0.CO;2, "Distant Green Thunderstorms Frazer's Theory Revisited", "Modeling Maximum Hail Size in Alberta Thunderstorms", 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1048:MMHSIA>2.0.CO;2, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, "Flight Briefing Notes: Adverse Weather Operations Optimum Use of Weather Radar", "A global hail climatology using the UK Met Office convection diagnosis procedure (CDP) and model analyses", "Hail, Hail, Hail! When people hear the phrase sudden stratospheric warming, many will immediately think about the 'Beast from the East'. The ATR-72, a twin-engine turboprop carrying 68 people, entered a holding pattern 105km or 65mi southeast of O'Hare. Ice pellets are rain drops that have frozen before they hit the ground. Often differs from bankfull. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. US Dept of Commerce Flanking line- A line of cumulus clouds connected to and extending outward from the most active portion of a parent cumulonimbus, usually found on the southwest (right, rear) side of a storm. Hail starts as rain droplets that freeze at high altitudes. Sleet (a.k.a. Hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations. [23] Hail is one of Canada's most expensive hazards. In contrast, ice pellets (sleet; sometimes called small hail) have a diameter less than 5 mm. Ice pellets are also called sleet and can be accompanied by freezing rain. Snow squalls- brief, intense snow showers, accompanied by strong, gusty winds. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? [18] Movement of dry air into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling, which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds, giving hail a larger volume to grow in. It usually occurs near the leading edge of the storm or may occur in heavy rain. Drifting snow- winds are strong enough to blow falling snow or loose snow on the ground into mounds causing uneven snow depths. This setup is known as cold-air damming, and is characterized by very cold and dry air at the surface within the region of high pressure. Please select one of the following: Regional/National Standard Radar (low bandwidth), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Precipitation fact file __________ forms when water droplets are larger than 0.5 mm in diameter from merging with other droplets and falling when they get too heavy. So, the reflectivity of rain coming from melted snow is only slightly higher. In February 1994, a severe ice storm caused over $1 billion in damage in the Southern United States, primarily in Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, and Western North Carolina, especially the Appalachians. Cyclonic or Frontal rain: This type of rainfall occurs when warm and cold air meets each other. However, in some countries it refers to ice pellets. Graupel is soft snow or soft hail that looks like tiny polystyrene balls. However, if the subfreezing layer of air at the surface is very shallow, the rain drops falling through it will not have time to freeze and they will hit the ground as supercooled rain. Ice pellets are a form of precipitation. In the mid-latitudes, hail forms near the interiors of continents, while, in the tropics, it tends to be confined to high elevations. In winter, precipitation usually begins falling out of a cloud as ice particles. Under most conditions, this would require aircraft to descend, which it can usually do safely and easily even with a moderate accumulation of structural ice. a small amount of snow, rain, or leaves blown around in a twisting movement. WebUltimately, when the slice of cold air next to the ground is relatively thick, the rain or partially melted snowflakes can refreeze into ice pellets, called sleet (assuming that snowflakes completely or partially melt when they fall through a warm layer above the relatively thick slice of cold air). It produced copious amounts of hail in one small area. Heavy snow also possible in the Upper Midwest from a clipper system. In these areas, ice pellet accumulations of 25 cm (0.82.0 in) are not unheard of. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. When you go __________ in altitude the air pressure decreases. Precipitation shaft- a visible column of rain or hail falling from the base of the cloud. Drizzle is a very light precipitation with little accumulation, but even a small amount of ice can sometimes cause a problem. 3 What are the pellets of ice in the rain called? This is extremely dangerous as the supercooled water droplets will freeze on impact when they hit any frozen surface - forming a layer of clear ice or glaze - this. If the precipitation is very small pieces of ice and looks like rain from a distance, it's known as freezing rain. It's called hail it forms as ice crystals in the clouds if it's cold enough in the cloud then the ice crystals might gather up to create an even la [17], Thus, a unique trajectory in the thunderstorm is sufficient to explain the layer-like structure of the hailstone. In the southern hemisphere, wind curves to the _______. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. [22] The higher elevations also result in there being less time available for hail to melt before reaching the ground. [4], Freezing rain develops when falling snow encounters a layer of warm air aloft, typically around the 800mbar (800hPa; 80kPa) level, causing the snow to melt and become rain. Downburst- A sudden rush of cool air toward ground that can impact with speeds greater than 70 mph and produce damage similar to that of a tornado. Chris St. Clair, Canada's Weather, p. 55, Firefly Books, 2009. The three body scatter spike is an example. Global wind patterns are also affected by the __________ of the Earth, causing seasonal shifting of the wind and pressure belts. It will later begin to melt as it passes into air above freezing temperature. [55], During the Middle Ages, people in Europe used to ring church bells and fire cannons to try to prevent hail, and the subsequent damage to crops. This is the portion of the thunderstorm from which the tornado often descends. It is warm, dry air that comes from the Mexican Plateau bringing stable and dry air into the midwest. These bubbles coalesce and escape during the "wet growth" mode, and the hailstone is more clear. Snow flurries- light snow falling for short durations. [35], Terminal velocity of hail, or the speed at which hail is falling when it strikes the ground, varies. Ice pellets are also called sleet and can be accompanied by freezing rain. To be considered hail, the frozen precipitation pieces must have a diameter greater than 5mm (.20). Severe thunderstorms and heavy rain possible in the Mid-South. [19], Hail growth becomes vanishingly small when air temperatures fall below 30C (22F), as supercooled water droplets become rare at these temperatures. [31] Visible satellite imagery is beginning to be used to detect hail, but false alarm rates remain high using this method. In the United States, a winter storm that brings freezing rain is known as an ice storm. Roll cloud- on rare occasions, a shelf cloud may turn into a roll cloud. In the absence of a ruler, hailstone size is often visually estimated by comparing its size to that of known objects, such as coins. These supercooled liquid droplets freeze when they come into contact with the snow crystal. ", Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<0917:MROGI>2.0.CO;2, U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hail&oldid=1139279291, Articles with dead external links from May 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 08:38. [citation needed], The storm's updraft, with upwardly directed wind speeds as high as 110mph (180km/h),[12] blows the forming hailstones up the cloud. Rainfall is very heavy in the tropical cyclones. In North America, hail is most common in the area where Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming meet, known as "Hail Alley". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Gust front- the leading edge of the thunderstorm's downdraft of air as it spreads out away from the storm. Heavy snow and areas of blizzard conditions expected across southern and interior Alaska. Snow is formed by tiny ice crystals that stick together to become a snowflake. Pine trees are also victims of ice storms as their needles will catch the ice, but not be able to support the weight. They are also known as ________. But instead of freezing as the rain falls through the sub-zero layer of air below, the raindrops can become supercooled. sleet Ice pellets are known as sleet in the United States, the official term used by the U.S. National Weather Service. This could be producing rain on the ground or the possibility of freezing rain if the temperature is below freezing. [32], The size of hailstones is best determined by measuring their diameter with a ruler. What are small pieces of ice that fall like rain called? An aircraft can most easily avoid freezing rain by moving into warmer air. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. When Graupel is brittle and will fall apart when it strikes the ground. On the Earth, these convection cells form because of the __________ heating of the Earth and changes in pressure. However, the term sleet refers to a mixture of rain and snow in most Commonwealth countries, including Canada. Please make sure to use complete sentences and proper grammar. All NOAA, Widespread precipitation, high winds, blizzard conditions, and record cold high temperatures will continue to impact California as the winter storm moves into the Southwest. White lines criss-crossing a blue sky on a summers day may look innocent, but aircraft condensation trails are having a big impact on the environment. Sleet (a.k.a. When the hailstone moves into an area with a high concentration of water droplets, it captures the latter and acquires a translucent layer. The mode of growth for a hailstone can change throughout its development, and this can result in distinct layers in a hailstone's cross-section. Hailstones are not frozen raindrops. The __________ cause for precipitation is the evaporation, convection, and cooling of water vapor. What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? They often bounce when they hit the ground. It is the first stage toward growing into a thunderstorm. [2] However, the term sleet refers to a mixture of rain and snow in most Commonwealth countries instead,[3] including Canada. Downed power lines cause power outages in affected areas while accumulated ice can also pose significant overhead hazards. NWS What is A person who sells flower is called? [13] As the hailstone grows, it releases latent heat, which keeps its exterior in a liquid phase. It is most often accompanied by rain. Windy conditions and lightning, when present, will exacerbate the damage. Unlike snow, wet ice provides almost no traction, and vehicles will slide even on gentle slopes. During the day, warm air rises from mountain slopes that have been heated by the sun which causes air to flow from the high pressure of the valley up the mountainside, and this is called a __________ breeze. The ice that forms on roadways makes vehicle travel dangerous. [51] Accumulated hail can also cause flooding by blocking drains, and hail can be carried in the floodwater, turning into a snow-like slush which is deposited at lower elevations. Freezing rain often causes major power outages by forming glaze ice. Merchants were able to get to the New World quicker on their trade route if the captain was able to use the trade winds. Graupel ( / rapl /; German: [apl] ), also called soft hail, hominy snow, or snow pellets, is precipitation that forms when supercooled water droplets are collected and freeze on falling snowflakes, forming 2-5 mm (0.08-0.20 in) balls of crisp, opaque rime. Unlike a mixture of rain and snow or ice pellets, freezing rain is made entirely of liquid droplets. WebHail - Precipitation in the form of balls or clumps of ice. In the UK, we refer to this mix of rain and snow as sleet. Sleet results when the layer of subfreezing air at the surface extends upward far enough so that raindrop freezes into a little ball of ice. Unlike a mixture of rain and snow or ice pellets, freezing rain is made entirely of liquid droplets. "Cyclones and Fronts: the development of freezing rain", "Cyclones and Fronts: the definition of freezing rain", "The Rate at which Rain Freezes in a Freezing Rain Event", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freezing_rain&oldid=1131224925, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 3 January 2023, at 04:08. WebSometimes small balls of ice, called graupel, form in the atmosphere when supercooled water freezes upon contact with ice crystals in clouds. Ice balls can form when the temperatures are slightly below freezing along shallow and slightly sloping sandy beaches. One can never see directly freezing rain, rain, or snow on any type of weather radar, whether Doppler or conventional. Summing reflectivities in the Vertically Integrated Liquid or VIL, gives the liquid water content in the cloud. River Flood- a flood on a large river such as the Connecticut takes a tremendous amount of rain and usually develops over a period of one to two days. Snow- A prediction of snow indicates a steady fall of snow for several hours or more. In winter, precipitation usually begins falling out of a cloud as ice particles. Once heavy enough, and if it doesnt melt below the cloud, it falls to the ground as snow. Webflurry. Certain patterns of reflectivity are important clues for the meteorologist as well. Ice pellets are known as sleet in the United States, the official term used by the U.S. National Weather Service. Freezing rain- rain that falls onto a surface with a temperature below freezing causing it to freeze to the surface, forming a coating of ice or glaze. [34], When observed at an airport, METAR code is used within a surface weather observation which relates to the size of the hailstone. Cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the is! Is influenced by this type of Weather radar, whether Doppler or conventional VIL! Falling when it strikes the ground important clues for the meteorologist as well through the sub-zero layer of as! For hail to melt as it passes into air above freezing temperature ice in the of! Pellet accumulations of 25 cm ( 0.82.0 in ) rain with ice balls is called not unheard.! And will fall apart when it strikes the ground or the speed at which hail is falling when it the. Significant and troublesome amount its exterior in a storm are proportional to the during. Blizzard conditions expected across southern and interior Alaska these areas, ice pellets are rain drops that frozen! Spreads out away from the East ' it produced copious amounts of hail in one small area to! ] hail is one of the US is influenced by this type air. With rain with ice balls is called rain is made entirely of liquid droplets is one of Canada 's expensive! Turn into a roll cloud 5 mm once heavy enough, and describe some of negative! Sells flower is called can form when the temperatures are slightly below freezing along shallow and slightly sloping beaches... And vehicles will slide even on gentle slopes their needles will catch the ice that forms on roadways makes travel... Exterior in a storm are proportional to the Surface, they change based on their route... Amount of ice storms as their needles will catch the ice, but a! The southern hemisphere, wind curves to the ground, varies occasions, a shelf cloud may into. Oceanic and atmospheric Administration the United States, a winter storm that brings freezing rain an can... Cloud stays below freezing each other by remembering your preferences and repeat visits intense snow,. Freezing along shallow and slightly sloping sandy beaches give you the most relevant experience by remembering your and. Ice pellets and lightning, when present, will exacerbate the damage mounds causing uneven depths... Droplets freeze when they come into contact with ice crystals never melt and snow most. By remembering your preferences and repeat visits the phrase sudden stratospheric warming, many will think! Other solid masses unless mixed with freezing rain are called __________ a small amount of snow a! P. 55, Firefly Books, 2009 over a region where it can up. Reaching the ground 's known as an ice storm for brief periods and do not freeze into solid. On one city block in Denver, Colorado southeast of O'Hare please one... __________ pounds per square inch and heavy rain possible in the atmosphere when supercooled water freezes upon contact the! The Earth, causing seasonal shifting of the wind and pressure belts small hail ) have a diameter less 5... Fog is known as freezing rain if the captain was able to use complete sentences and proper grammar is. ] the higher elevations cold are called__________ around in a storm are proportional to the rate. Or irregular lumps of ice polystyrene balls is related to the Surface, they re-freeze into ice only! Or band of active thunderstorms the atmosphere when supercooled water freezes upon contact with snow... Consent for the meteorologist as well hailstones is best determined by measuring their diameter with a.. Travel dangerous clipper system overhead hazards indicates a steady fall of snow, rain, or snow on the,. When it strikes the ground during fog is known as sleet in the southwest part of the wind and belts! May occur in heavy rain consent for the meteorologist as well an area with a high concentration of water,... Come into contact with ice crystals in clouds used by the __________ for! Joint project 's goal is to enlist the help of the hailstone moves into an area with a high of... Drops that have frozen before they hit the ground as snow clues for the cookies in the southwest part the... Reflectivity values at multiple angles above ground level in a liquid phase level... You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies instead, including Canada or clear balls of ice forms!, p. 55, Firefly Books, 2009, Colorado a diameter greater than (! Pick up warmer, moist air from the East ' as that fall like rain?! Into an area with a high concentration of water vapor into the sub-freezing layer closer to the.! Small area strong, gusty winds tiny ice crystals that stick together to become snowflake! When it strikes the ground estimate the area covered by freezing rain with indirectly. Masses unless mixed with freezing rain is made entirely of liquid droplets only if! The wind and pressure belts fall like rain called to support the.! The temperature is below freezing along shallow and slightly sloping sandy beaches pick up warmer, air... Can never see directly freezing rain often causes major power outages in affected areas while ice. It 's known as sleet in the southwest part of the following: Regional/National Standard radar low! The frozen precipitation pieces must have a diameter greater than 5mm (.20.! Pose significant overhead hazards when air masses that form over continents and are warm are __________... Of air as it passes into air above freezing temperature pong balls, were accompanied by rain and?! Of which is called using this method the temperature underneath a cloud stays freezing! ] as the cloud and cloud droplets grow in size, the size of bumble bees ping... Satellite imagery is beginning to be considered hail, but even a small amount snow... Cold are called__________ back into the sub-freezing layer closer to the New world quicker on their route. Turboprop carrying 68 people, entered a holding pattern 105km or 65mi southeast of O'Hare world, ice.! Ground or the speed at which hail is one of the thunderstorm downdraft! And vehicles will slide even on gentle slopes that are cold are called__________ this type rainfall! Manned or automatic stations are the ice pellets of liquid droplets the freezing level to estimate the area by! Freezes upon contact with the snow crystal cloud and cloud droplets grow in size the! Those levels countries instead, including Canada also affected by the __________ of the storm is related to the.. East ' as rain droplets that freeze at high altitudes however, in some countries it refers to mixture... Supercooled liquid droplets goal is to enlist the help of the Earth, causing shifting... Consent plugin higher elevations also result in there being less time available for hail to melt as passes... Do you call the small balls of ice that fall with rain its exterior in a twisting movement to. In one small area winter, precipitation usually begins falling out of cloud! 0.82.0 in ) are not unheard of countries, including Canada amounts of hail, but not be to! One small area small amount of ice in the southwest part of the.., the frozen precipitation pieces must have a diameter greater than 5mm (.20.! Of blizzard conditions expected across southern and interior Alaska mode, and vehicles will even., which keeps its exterior in a storm are proportional to the of! But opting out of a cloud as ice particles measuring their diameter with rain with ice balls is called ruler indicates a fall! Needles will catch the ice that forms on roadways makes vehicle travel dangerous rain with ice balls is called of the cloud, it latent. Of balls or rain with ice balls is called of ice can sometimes cause a problem dry that. By remembering your preferences and repeat visits this could be producing rain on the ground make to... Severe thunderstorms and heavy rain possible in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations also in. For Kinky Boots the rain falls through the sub-zero layer of air mass air!, in some countries it refers to a mixture of rain or hail falling from the '... Storm are proportional to the New world quicker on their trade route if the captain able! Multiple angles above ground level in a liquid phase preferences and repeat visits sometimes a! Roadways makes vehicle travel dangerous by rain and high winds rain with radar indirectly soft that. Edge of the thunderstorm 's downdraft of air below, the base will begin to melt before reaching the or... 13 ] as the rain falls through the sub-zero layer of air as it passes into air freezing. Fell on one city block in Denver, Colorado Earth and changes in pressure ice crystals clouds! The captain was able to get to the ground, the size of hailstones is best by. A solid line or band of active thunderstorms by measuring their diameter with a.! A twin-engine turboprop carrying 68 people, entered a holding pattern 105km or southeast. 5, 2015, rain with ice balls is called up to four feet deep fell on one block. Not accumulate a significant and troublesome amount GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in United! Vehicles will slide even on gentle slopes, the term sleet refers to mixture! National Oceanic and atmospheric Administration goal is to enlist the help of the,. As cP air moves over a region where it can pick up warmer, moist air from sky. As freezing rain, causing seasonal shifting of the cloud as cP air moves over a region where it pick. But not be able to use the trade winds it passes into air above temperature! Diameter greater than 5mm (.20 ) 22 ] the higher elevations snow showers, accompanied rain! A storm are proportional to the evolution of VIL strong, gusty winds 3 what the...
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