While some households may employ servants, others may struggle to put food on the table. With this technique I tried to create an image of whatever I would like to happen in the future. Praying or having any conversation with a transcendent power, reading religious or spiritual texts regardless of whether there is any God or transcendent power are not passive ways of facing a crisis; they are actually active attempts to understand ones situation and put it in a comprehensive context. While the nuclear family is modestly sized, close relationships with the extended family mean peoples family networks are sometimes quite large. As mentioned before, sacred here is not defined in a religious context, but an inwardly sanctification context. To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. We find two patterns regarding such connectedness. For more information (Freud & Breuer, Citation1895). Some reports show that 26.5 percent of. Get a downloadable, printable version that you can read later. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. There is a divide in the values of the country between those families that are progressive on this matter and those that maintain conservative values. The primary beverage is black tea. 6. Education is greatly valued in Iranian culture and so people often seek to have at least a basic understanding of a broad range of topics. Across most households, elders are deeply respected and cared for. Our . They are also sometimes taught early that the protection of family honour also resides with them. Iran's unique history and geography translates to a diverse mix of cultural influences on the Persian cuisine. Those who are employed usually do desktop-based office work and also rarely get the same management opportunities. I think He has listened. Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the informants. The individual derives a social network and assistance in times of need from the family. Today, the conservative interpretations of Islam have become a major social force and dictate much of what Iranians can and cannot do. Almost all Iranians respect the principle of modesty in the Islamic religion. The government does not approve of casual dating or premarital sex and enforces the separation of the genders. Twenty-seven participants with various kinds of cancer were interviewed. The transcriptions were then coded, categorised, and thematised using a thematic analysis method. Results and Discussion on religious coping methods (RCOPE), https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1555699, https://journals.bmsu.ac.ir/jbs/index.php/jbs/article/view/593, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(200004)56:4<519::AID-JCLP6>3.0.CO;2-1, http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/research_tools/translation/en, Medicine, Dentistry, Nursing & Allied Health. Jul 2018. Reducing health . We found two patterns in our interviews. Get the help you need from a therapist near youa FREE service from Psychology Today. Background Spirituality plays an important role during old age, but reveals itself as a confounding mental health concept, which needs to be defined when providing spiritual care. The study offers nurses empirical data to help shape conversations about end-of-life care, and thus to enhance their commitment to help people 'die well', and should include retrieval of individuals' cultural and religious beliefs and values, and preferences for care. Iranian culture remains relatively class conscious. The health care beliefs and values of Mexican-Americans. After that period, the family is left to . Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: Religion, culture and illness: a sociological study on religious coping in Iran, Department of Social Work and Psychology, University of Gvle, Gvle, Sweden, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Counseling Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Nursing, Khoy Medical Sciences Faculty, Urmia Medical Sciences University, Khoy, Iran, Department of Psychology and Education of Exceptional Children, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Department of Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran, Swedish Agency for Work Environment Knowledge, Gvle, Sweden, Initial development of the Iranian Religious Coping Scale, Non-Hajj pilgrimage in Islam: A neglected dimension of religious circulation, A contrastive study of Arabic and Persian formulas against the evil eye used by women, Does being religious help or hinder coping with chronic illness? Role of Father: In traditional families, the father is the head of the household. One is Support from Saints and Imams but not Clergy. Family roles and dynamics vary significantly between those households that have progressive understandings of womens rights, authority and privacy and those that maintain traditional values. As the present findings show, the RCOPE methods appear to be of great importance to the Iranian interviewees. Such habitual practices are not straightforwardly religious, but emerge from a powerful amalgamation of religious superstitions and ancient cultural beliefs. Seer: It is garlic and represents medicine or health. They are beliefs, ideas, and principles that are specific to your home and how it functions. Intercession is a safe way of obtaining a divine blessing. Even Iranians that leave the house as husband and wife can draw negative attention. One usually turns immediately to family for assistance and may tell their problems and issues only to their family members. It is also a possible way to make ones bargaining with God more successful. Today, Iran is home to a population of around 83,024,745 individuals. Religious practices such as devotees customs of giving food, or other goods, to the poor and using sanctified objects for curing an illness are deeply rooted in Iranian culture and endure to the present day. The verse continues this way: Recite in the name of your Lord who createdCreated man from a clinging substance. I thought to myself a clinging substance means a blood mass and I had Leukemia too, so God who creates mankind from blood can heal me. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. Western values had both negative and positive effects on the social, economic, political, and cultural lives of Nigerians. Being a collectivist society, people in Iran show very strong loyalty to their family. First, following the process recommended by the World Health Organization (Citation2017), the original interview questions were translated into Persian by a psychology researcher whose mother tongue is Persian. Culture influences, accordingly, the complex whole of social life: its institutions, laws, knowledge, customs, morals and lifestyles (Ahmadi, Citation2006). Inter-cultural and cross-cultural competencies were made visible. Nonna Khakpour, Contributing Writer, The Trauma and Mental Health Report. The whole life, since our birth, we are socialised to believe in saints. Ethnicity, Language, and Religion in Iran. The most beloved Imam among Iranians is Imam Reza, whose tomb is in Iran. They are always in my heart and I do not forget them for a single moment, each second they are present in my mind and heart. More recently, Iranians have been referring to themselves as living underground. When healthcare professionals encounter a more acculturated Hmong family in the U.S., they will likely see more balance of power between mother and father. Cultural beliefs affect health and wellness through the information that it provides for its people. I should make myself a better person. Dec 15, 2012. The Cultural Atlas team acknowledges the Traditional Owners of the lands throughout Australia on whose country we have the privilege to live and work. Health (2 days ago) WebThe Mexicans truly believe that unity is strength. Under it, Islamic theologians and mullahs constitute the highest ranks of leadership. There remains a great deal of protection around girls in this regard. I didnt sit on the bed and pray God save me, God, make me well, God, why dont you make me well?I was convinced I should take ten steps to answer one step in response, therefore I said to myself that I should rely on myself and only myself in this world. This system of theocratic governance remains in place today. The term "family values" has become a popular phrase in recent years. In Islam, Shafaah is the act of pleading to God by an intimate friend of God for forgiveness and miraculous healing. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Furthermore, ethnic minorities tend to have distinctive forms of social organisation that are sometimes more collectivistic. Parents make sacrifices for children, especially for their education. Broadly, one could make the distinction that the educated of society are more liberal whilst those in rural areas are generally more conservative. All these things calm me down and give me strength. The Islamic Republic of Iran is a Middle Eastern nation located at the crossroads between Arab Asia and Central Asia. They are expected to be clean, well-behaved, and good students. her figure and her hair. T raditionally Iranian culture has been patriarchal with the father or the husband at the head of the family and household. Nevertheless, much of the population shares the benefits of the middle class. The overall international project has focused on studying these three main meaning-making coping methods and how culture may affect use of these methods. Meat (usually lamb, goat, or chicken) is used as a condiment rather than as the centerpiece of a meal. Inscriptions from the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) reference the kings' religious beliefs - which may have been the early polytheistic faith or the later Zoroastrian monotheism - and religion continued to play a central role in the later Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE) and, to a much greater degree, in the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) which made Zoroastrianism the state . If faced with criticism, Iranians are likely to deny any fault in order to avoid dishonour. Elderly relatives are kept at home, not placed in a nursing home. The term existential coping is employed because these methods involve individuals efforts to discover an inwardly source in nature, themselves or others that can assist them in coping with their problems. The more humility a person shows, the less likely they are to be criticised. Religious actions are integrated parts of the everyday life of people in Muslim countries, including Iran. Thus, it is quite understandable that some interviewees use Religious Purification as a coping method. We recognise that personal beliefs and cultural practices are central to the lives of doctors and patients, and that all doctors have personal values that affect their day-to-day practice. Deborah A. Boyle, RN, MSN. When religion is a major and integral part of the orientation system, the role it plays in coping is more important. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were employed to identify the meaning-making coping methods used by cancer patients in Iran. According to research published in the Journal of Health and Social Behaviour by Erin Cornwell of Cornell University and Linda Waite of the University of Chicago, social relationships are particularly important for those coping with mental illness; social withdrawal aggravates loneliness, stress, and feelings of low self-worth. In Iranian families, children are raised to be disciplined and to respect their elders. Serkeh: Vinegar symbolizes age and patience. There is a huge variation in social codes, behaviours and beliefs between different regions of Iran. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam practiced according to the Twelver Jafari school. This ensures that the households name is not implicated with trouble and their honour is protected. Later, a bilingual professional translator, who was not aware of the original items, back-translated this version into English and the translation was again discussed by the same expert panel to address any problems. The study reveals that, as Shia Muslims, the informants while relying on the power of the God believe in their own efforts to receive Gods mercy, often by making a pilgrimage, ziyarat. We learn from our parents, but also from our surroundings, or maybe we ourselves choose such beliefs consciously. such as religious beliefs, social norms, and family values. Permission is granted subject to the terms of the License under which the work was published. Passive Religious Deferral refers to passive waiting for God to control the situation. I know that Ive done a lot of wicked things in my life. My job is sweeping the kitchen floor after dinner and by doing this task, I am helping to keep the . The purpose of this study was to explore factors promoting Iranian older adults' spirituality. After recruitment of the sample, interview times were chosen based on the participants preferences. The researchers discussed the categories and themes, considering the cultural aspects. He was married to a Persian princess. For this reason, some people have found coping methods that are not religious. However, many Iranians refer to this as the surface culture in which people act as their zaaher (visible) identity. It is worth noting that the expectations regarding what is honourable and shameful can vary significantly between different people, family backgrounds and social attitudes. We define spirituality a search for connectedness with a sacred source that is related or not related to God or any religious holy sources (Ahmadi, Citation2006, p. 7273). In recent decades, access to political power has become one of the biggest social advantages and indications of privilege. The study was based on qualitative research. Angela Sanchez. Such tight control of their behaviour has resulted in their seclusion and exclusion. Significant class differences were exacerbated through periods of recent economic hardship and instability. Iranian women have traditionally been some of the most liberal in their interpretation of the hijab, often wearing a shayla significantly looser than what is customary in most other Muslim cultures. So I prepared a notebook and started to write about whatever was going to happen. The individual may endorse self-directed methods because he/she is not very religious and does not involve God in the coping process. This test is Gods message to remind us not to turn our back to Him. Many Iranians have misgivings about the politicisation of Islam. However, the interviews had different reasons for practicing such habits. Being Muslim and professing the prophecy of Muhammad is not enough for salvation in the absence of believing in Shia Imams (Khoshkjan Citation2016, p. 3). In order to provide sensitive and culturally appropriate care, nurses should be aware of the general impact of cultural norms and values on the process of maternal role attainment and strive to meet the cultural needs of all mothers. By definition, integrity means to maintain strong moral principles like honesty, fairness, and honor. FAMILY VALUES Many Iranian immigrants in New Zealand are more westernized and secularized Family values are important to the structure and well-being of the family. It is a kind of charity, helping people in need. In Iranian culture, boys are generally more indulged than girls, and more opportunities are generally available to them in the public sphere. Elderly parents are dependent on adult children and grandchildren. These kinds of coping methods can be viewed as a search for meaning that has no connection whatsoever to religion or religious symbols, or no obvious connection to a sacred religious/spiritual source. The way this is done will depend on the individual The Iranian people have a record of practising quite a progressive form of Shia Islam. When it is less vital to the orientation system, and less relevant to life experiences, it plays a less important role in coping (Ahmadi, Citation2006; Ellison, Citation1991; Ferraro & Koch, Citation1994; Kesselring, Dodd, Lindsey, & Strauss, Citation1986). (p. 12). Today, a majority of transplants performed in Iran are from living non-related donations (LNRD). Healthcare in Iran has improved since the implementation of the Primary Health Care system, but there is still a divide between rural and . 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