. This noise they kept up sans intermission. Here a halt is made, and the keerang start away back to the womens camp, and report that the men and boys will arrive in a few hours time. Through these holes two cords were threaded. In referring to the Manning River blacks he mentions two . Their bodies were painted in patterns so that they resembled weird and wonderful skeletons. It was an oval- shaped piece of hardwood some two feet wide having a hand-grip on the back made of a length of vine affixed In holes made for the purpose. The shouts of the surrounding party often makes him drop his burden; otherwise he conveys them to his fireplace in the bush where he deposits his load close to the fire. "I'm just sad that such a beautiful area like the Hunter Valley is going to be turned into an unliveable landscape, ultimately, by the scourge of mining," Mr Franks said. A row of fires are lit in front of this shelter, and beyond these fires the surface of the ground is cleared of all loose rubbish and grass for a distance of several yards, the rubbish forming a sort of embankment around the farther side of the cleared space. I never knew the blacks to steal anything from our premises except water-melons, of which they were extremely fond. A large public circle was carved into the flat ground. [8], Media related to Hunter Valley at Wikimedia Commons. These spirits were supposed to dwell in the bodies of the medicine men. This station was In the care of 4 or 5 unarmed men (convicts). This cleared space was connected with the top of a hill and another cleared space by a narrow path. They were all howling in company; the females more treble than the rest. This being done, the whole force of the assembled tribes came up, running, shouting, and striking their shields with their clubs, and using a roarer which produced the most fearful and unnatural sounds. Their appearance certainly gave every indication of the justice of this claim for them. Patersons River, where he died on the same day By Mr. Nichols I had no warrant to apprehend any of the blacks; I know. The manner in which the Grlngai communicated their movements to following friends was noteworthy. They were distributed over the district in local groups known as Nuria and were located at distances about eight miles apart in what the histo- rians of those days termed villages. At the goonambang, a fire lit the centre where a number of elders were sitting. The women then assemble at the kweealbang fire, and assist the men to cut bark and bushes, which are laid in a ring round the fire ready for use by and bye. On the floor of the canoe, usually at the stern, there would be the inevitable mound of clay, the floating fireplace. If the ground is wet and cold, pieces of bark are spread upon it for the women to lie upon. Baime also created Kawal (Ka-wal), to watch over the Wonnarua people. This activity was to keep them from being aware that their boys were being taken stealthily from the kackaroo to the goonambang. he and his tribe seem perfectly quiet I think it may be as well to take no notice of him, unless he or his friends show a I disposition to disturb the settlers on the Williams. When he had finished the required number, he would cache them in the bush, either in a hollow log or cave, until such time as opportunity arrived for their disposal. The branch of the tribe inhabiting the Cape Hawke district and those located along the Barrington River valley early evinced decided hostility towards the incom- ing settlers, with whom the Cape Hawke [Forster] natives came into open conflict at Waterloo [just north of Bunyah] on the Upper Wallamba resulting in a bloodless victory for the natives. With this seemingly in- effective guard, they could ward of with extraordinary dexterity spears and stones hurled at them from any angle. With this Captain Moffatt very promptly complied, and the men were mounted and off in an hour, and Mr. Chas. If a wanton slayer of the [womens] sacred bird were detected in his crime, the women would give way to outbursts of furious passion. Thomas Rodwell being sworn, saidI am a free man residing at Mr. Mackenzies establishment at Williams River; Mr. M. is resident magistrate there; on a Thursday morning in April, about two oclock, I was awoke by two of Mr. Archibald Mossmans men, who informed me on the previous night they had been attacked by a party of blacks, and that they expected before they returned to the station, the remainder of the men there would be murdered by them; the distance between the two stations, is about seven miles; I acquainted Mr. M. of the circumstance, and he gave me some arms and ammunition, and told me if I could find any men on his or Mr. Mossmans stations, to take them with me, and apprehend two or three of the depredaters; I mustered seven stand of arms and ammunition; I and the two men, who came with the information there, went to Mr. Mossmans, where we obtained six other men, making in the whole party nine persons, all of whom were armed save two, and we then went to the blacks camp, which was about two miles from Mr. Mossmans station [on the opposite bank of present day Seaham], near a small creek; when we arrived there, we saw about 20 black men; we divided ourselves into two parties; a blackboy, called Lumpy, who we took with us, pointed out the blacks to us; we had seven stand of arms, which we did not conceal from the blacks; the deceased John Flynn, was not in the same party with me, but both parties were to meet before we went up to the blacks, with whom we intended to speak peaceably. three inches In length affixed at a slight angle to receive the slightly hollowed end of the spear shaft. For instance, a party of us were preparing to go fishing in Fame Cove under the guidance of Billy Steward, a man who had once been steward on a boat. Lyn MacBain, who hasstudied local history in Singleton for the past 30 years, said the homestead should stay put. The language spoken around Newcastle and Lake Macquarie called by the aborigines Awaaba was much the same, and the whole language was named Kurring-gai by some, and Awaabakal by others. I have edited out many instances of phrases such as howling savages and gins and have tried to keep the excerpts as cultural reportage, not cultural judgement, but inevitably the historical reports indicate the white cultural mores of the time. The hosts now get up and go outside, where they remain standing in a group, and one or more of their number commence sounding, the goonandhakeea or bull-roarer. Eather, and a description of the last combined Bora ceremony on the family property in 1852. The shepherds were very scared as was very natural, and came to beg that I should double the flocks so that two of the men might always be together. Genealogical Society of Utah (now FamilySearch) ca. The tail of a squirrel or opossum has previously been fastened on the side of this hole by one of the men, unknown to the boys, to convey the idea that the rest of the animal is within. Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation chief executive Laurie Perry said there were "tit-for-tat skirmishes" on the land, but "there was no massacre on the site or recorded massacre on the site". Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. We actively repatriate material from our collections to Indigenous cultural centres and keeping places, and collaborate directly with communities to return significant cultural objects and ancestral remains to their places of origin. These aborigines spoke the language of, and intermarried with those of Maitland, less frequently with those of the Paterson River and rarely with those of Muswell- brook. At a small plain a mile west of the present Cobakh Station the Port Stephens men came into conflict with the remaining body of natives, but the fugitives broke and fled north wards to a little flat on the Bowman River. . The two men now separate, one going round one side, and one round the other, and again meet at the entrance of the goonambang, where they stand and dance, shaking their boughs and boomerangs for a brief period. 0 There is a cleared path from one marked tree to another, and the boys are taken along this path to the next tree, when the same formality of clearing a space around its base is gone through, and the boys are again directed to look ul. [citation needed], In rock paintings Baiame is often depicted as a human figure with a large head-dress or hairstyle, with lines of footsteps nearby. Its flat top can still be seen to this day, near Wollombi Valley. The women then step out of the ring, and stand a few yards from it, where they remain till the conclusion of the performance. This is said to be done to cause the novices hands and arms to grow stronger. The head was of four prongs made of iron-bark and hardened by fire. When the fumigating of the men and novices has been completed the women go away to their camp, which is close by, and the men proceed to theirsthe married men joining their wives later on. Fatal was the effect. The pieces of burning bark which the sisters of the novices have been obliged to carry, as before stated, are left at the kweealbang. Some sheets of bark are now laid on the ground just inside the boundary of the back part of the ring, or, in other words, on that side of it which is farthest from the pathway leading to the goonambang. By this time the keerang have reached the clear space at the keelaybang, where they throw down their bushes and spread out in a line in front of the novices, and jump about, swaying their arms, after which they retire to one end of the camp. Explore the world's largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources. Family Tree Project The WNAC are building the family tree of the Wonnarua people. When the camp at the kweealbang has been completed the novices are placed lying, down in a row on the leaves which have been spread on the ground under the shelter, and are covered over with rugs, each boy having his guardian beside him. hVmo:iNK$ ]z!C;IL}s,9,.EbxX08,vp1 X3?,XcB1#]S;4=>|e~wqbI? The body was dropped in sideways and after a stone hatchet and a club were placed beside it the grave was filled in and the ceremonies ended. Coen was responsible for the storms, floods, droughts and fires and had carried off manyfor offences against tribal laws. Their pronunciation was confusing to the early white settlers, hence many words were corrupted. This stiffened the carcase fairly effectively, thus making it more convenient to carry over the shoulders, a factor appreciated by the man that had to bear the burden for per- haps many a weary mile. The web service Alexandria is granted from Memodata for the Ebay search. The attire usually consisted of a kangaroo skin tied round the middle with a belt of fibre or sinews. 101 0 obj <>stream As in fact they did at Wattenbakh, on the Barrington River, where they killed seven of the shepherds. Another bush dainty, easily procurable in the right season, was the curramali, a fruit that grew on a little vine in the bush. The seeds of Zamia spiralis [a species of cycad] were soaked in a creek or swamp for several weeks, pounded and then roasted (Threlkeld in Gunsom 1974:55; Backhouse 1843:380). After this outrage the natives dividedone body seeking shelter south-west towards the Upper Arundel. What was the nature of this preliminary induction I was never able to learn, But their period of probation must have been a trying one indeed. We have over a billion unique profiles in our tree, and growing. Groups living near the Wonnarua include the Darkinjung and the Wirad Fishing nets post a threat to marine life and birds. In deference to the very evident wish[es] that I should depart, I rode away. Baiame is often shown with internal decorations such as waistbands, vertical lines running down the body, bands and dots. The young boys were carefully instructed by the elders of the tribe for long periods before the actual ceremonies began. . The day after the arrival of the Keeranga-or it may be in a few days time-very early in the morning, perhaps before. I think 1838 would be nearer the mark. About the Wonnarua, by James Miller contains more information about the Wonnarua. Within the cleared space, and on one side of it was a crude wooden effigy, colored vividly with some red pigment, having a cross-piece for arms, and a striking head-dress of grass and bark similar to the pattern used by the blacks when stalking kangaroos. @R(p"X4H((@H Xd/50 [md>9Z` X$q)LUFl@?>v"(` 4x The women belonging. in that locality. One of our blacks asked me to give it up but rather than part with it I decided to let them finish their celebrations in peace The initiation of the novices was a memorable and important event. The markings as those who have seen the figures of early-day blacks will know when finalised were quite a white and weird color. The blacks would capture them by tugging down vines and limbs to which the huge bats clung, knocking them on the head when they tumbled to the ground. The recorded history of the Wonnarua begins in the early nineteenth century when the Europeans settled. It was then wrapped in sheets of ti-tree secured by cords of string- bark fibre. When such a contingent gets within about a days journey of the main camp, a messenger is sent on to report that they will arrive next day or the day following. Fitzpatric does not comment on this and the poisonings are so far apart in time that it is impossible to say if they are one and the same or two separate massacres. A party of whites rode up the Cobark River and fought a pitched battle with the tribe that had come over Mount Moonee, and killed over 50 of them, losing 7 or 8 of their own men. [T]here was the fear of darkness, general among all members of the tribe. Clubs (cootarah) were also used, roughly fashioned from any suitable piece of timber. The Blacks of Dungog, Port Stephens and Gresford. You have reached the end of the page. English thesaurus is mainly derived from The Integral Dictionary (TID). Marriages were arranged by the parents and kindred, and a wife was chosen from a neighboring tribe; for instance a man living at Gresford obtained a wife from the Hunter River. As I have said before, life was a joke, and the more laughter they could crowd into it the merrier passed the days. The blacks had lately been very troublesome and bold. Below Dungog, and extending to Lake Macquarie, the Awabakal tribe was the most important and their language is recorded in interesting treatises writ- ten by the Rev. Throughout the Gringai country [there] were many [aboriginal cemeteries]. The tributary mentioned is Dog Trap Creek. Tuesday, 3rd. 55, of 2,000 acres, in the parish of Lewinsbrook, county of Durham. This is an error, as the word is an aboriginal one meaning, a place between two rivers near their junction hence, the name of this Estate, according to the blacks pronunciation, is Caning-gula . Join the community of family history enthusiasts and FamilySearch employees to ask questions and discuss potential product enhancements. Very rarely did an aboriginal stoop down to pick up any article from the ground. The men and boys who remained at the water-hole or creeL in the busl, as soon as the keerang left them, proceeded to wash the coloring matter off their bodies. All these pantomimic representations are largely mixed with abominable and obscene gestures. The bush abounded with game in the form of kangaroos, wallabies, possums, emus, flying-foxes, wild duck, swans, parrots, pigeons. The digging of the grave being finished, the sexton went to some of the youngest and freshest trees, breaking off the small branches with leaves, and proceeded to line the grave with them, which being done a brother of the deceased was desired to [ensure] the grave was comfortable, which he did by lying in, it in the posture in which the deceased was to be placed. Name (required) If any of the boys are very young, they may be required to carry a fire-stick till their hair grows as long as it was before being singed at the water-hole in the bush, as already described. FamilySearch is an international, nonprofit organization dedicated to helping all people discover their family story. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. His depictions were not of the Gringai, but the assumption is made that the Gringai shared some of the ways of dress with the Indigenous Browne depicts. It was a risky game for the women I but I never heard of one being [attacked]. Gringai lands are mostly in the Williams River in the Manning Valley, and include what is now known as Dungog, Paterson, Gresford, Brookfield, Tocal, to the headwaters of the Williams and Chichester rivers. Belt of fibre or sinews string- bark fibre wonnarua family tree markings as those have! 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