0000054304 00000 n 0000056400 00000 n The New Deal policymakers had seen how high-production agriculture could devastate lands productivity. Going back to the dust bowl of the 1930s and President Roosevelt's New Deal that followed, the United States controlled commodity prices by paying farmers to limit production. 0000068371 00000 n Food and food production is no exception as now only 2% of Americans are farmers and most live in urban spaces where they have limited access to food in it's natural form. The act granted settlers one hundred and sixty acres of land, which they would own outright on the condition of improvement after five years of homesteading, or could purchase at a low cost after six months. Earl Butz. 0000029423 00000 n Earl Butz, the Secretary of Agriculture under President Nixon, urged farmers . He died on February 2, 2008 in West Lafayette, Indiana. 0000042057 00000 n This taste for combat played a part in both his nomination in 1971 by Richard Nixon and the subsequent battle in the Senate over his confirmation. 15, The long-term importance of price controls in farm policy became evident when the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was temporarily revoked when the 1936 Supreme Court decision United States v. Butler ruled the act unconstitutional. Earl Butz and the U.S. New York: Harper & Row, 1979. [4] In his time heading the USDA, Butz drastically changed federal agricultural policy and re-engineered many New Deal-era farm support programs. 0000051337 00000 n It defined settlement patterns, characterized Americas role in the global market, and navigated the country in and out of economic turmoil. 0000062821 00000 n Earl Butz: Father of the Modern Food Subsidy System. So if youre tempted to feel sorry for the guy for getting torn up by historical forces he never understood, give it a rest. He died still holding an emeritus position at Purdue. I recognize that family-oriented news organizations like the AP and the Times do not publish words they know to be coarse and deeply insulting to particular ethnic groups, nationalities, and religions. He received a bachelor of science degree in agriculture in 1932, and then a doctorate in agricultural economics in 1937. These policies benefited the burgeoning. Butz, who lived in West Lafayette, Ind., was 98. Earl L. Butz, Self: King Corn. Written by Bill Ganzel, the Ganzel Group. 0000065262 00000 n So he dangled the promise of foreign trade as a panacea. " Earl Butz 2. The establishment of farmland allowed for urban economies to flourish and more people to live in cities, and provided both food and work for Americas rapidly expanding population. Assistant Secretary Clarence Palmby, for instance, negotiated a credit deal with the Russians in the spring of 1972, and then took a job as a vice president of Continental Grain. 0000053560 00000 n 0000051120 00000 n 0000068943 00000 n The maritime unions seized the opportunity to press for more favorable shipping rates by refusing to load grain vessels bound for Russia. Although not featured prominently in history books, American land and agricultural policy laid the groundwork for the countrys geographic, political, and economic development. 0000069937 00000 n Surviving farms responded to low prices by planting more, hoping to make up on volume what they were losing on price. Now, with 61 million more acres in production, subsidy payments have fallen to about $500 millionmostly to cotton, peanut, rice and tobacco growers. He wanted all this done without fanfare but lost control when Federal Reserve Chairman Arthur Burns predicted the sales would drive American food prices higher. [4] In 1968, he was promoted to the positions of Dean of Education and vice president of the university's research foundation. The overall goal was to stop prices from falling too low (hurting farmers) or jumping too high (squeezing consumers). Millions of hogs, cattle and chicken were sold for slaughter as producers reduced their inventories. 0000059164 00000 n 0000009419 00000 n Instagram, Follow us on Although Butz publicly emphasizes that the United States cannot and should not use what he, at the same time, frankly calls agripower as a weapon, he is fond of noting that Rumanian Agriculture Minister Miculescu once told him: You've got a weapon more powerful than the atom bomb: you've got soybeans. Butz took two days off from chairing the Rome World Food Conference two years ago and went to Cairo with a little wheat in my pocket They had the red carpet out for me there. Butzs great policy change had given rise to the deepest rural crisis since the Depression. All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. At his death, Butz was the oldest living former Cabinet member from any administration.[30][31]. Earl Lauer "Rusty"[1] Butz was a United States government official who served as Secretary of Agriculture under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. By that time, farms were cranking out much more than the market could bear, and prices fell accordingly. 0000010104 00000 n The obituaries for Earl Butzwho went to his reward Feb. 2 at the enviable age of 98all note that he will be remembered less for his accomplishments as Agriculture secretary under Presidents Nixon and Ford than for the two off-color jokes that got him fired. Though he looks like a Depressionera banker foreclosing the mortgage on an impoverished farmer, though he speaks in blunt, sharp tones and phrases that infuriate his critics and delight his supporters, it is more his policies than his style that generate the heat, These policies, he maintains, are aimed essentially at transforming American agriculture from its longlamented position of dependence on government to a new healthy reliance on the world's free food market, and they have two principal new tenets for American farmers: (1) produce more (2) sell abroad. Earl Butz Oral History Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum 3 Butz: Oh, Nixon was warm and personal when you got to know him. Produce all you can, and well the sell the surplus overseas! He dismantled supply management policies, selling off government storage bins . He believed that a free, global market would bring higher prices, and for the few years that Russian agriculture struggled, he was right. 0000011491 00000 n Marshall Martin discusses policy with Earl Butz. 0000048447 00000 n It was during this time that she first came into contact with drugs. 2. Moreover, the department paid hundreds of millions of dollars in subsidies on the sales, enabling the companies to make additional profits and to keep the price to the Russians unrealistically low. In the 1920s, agricultural policies destabilized supply and demand and sunk the nation into its lowest state of economic despair during the Great Depression. The move worked dramatically. Butz was Assistant Secretary of Agriculture in Washington, DC, from 1954 to 1957 under President Dwight Eisenhower. In King Corn, Butz argued that the corn subsidy had dramatically reduced the cost of food for all Americans by improving the efficiency of farming techniques. Reader support helps sustain our work. In terms of 2009 dollars, corn reached the equivalent of over $15 in 1973.Overall farm income jumped along with grain prices, from $2.3 billion in 1972 to $19.6 billion in 73. Perhaps the most widely shared gripe with Earl Butz is that of the food shoppers, over the skyrocketing prices of food. Butz decided that America could sell them 10 million tons right away, then embargo further shipments but possibly resume them in September after the effects of this country's drought could he more accurately gauged. Rather than use federal policy as a check on farm output, Butz saw it as a lever to maximize output. Here's How. 0000057234 00000 n 0000050525 00000 n The Agriculture Department's cozy relationship with the halfdozen big grain exporters is in some ways the most troubling aspect of Butz's reign. 0000000016 00000 n 0000040918 00000 n 0000058194 00000 n 0000044154 00000 n The Land Ordinance of 1785 required states and Native Americans to cede land west of the Appalachian Mountains to Congress, who parceled it into townships of six miles square, and proceed to sell the townships, or fractional parts of townships at public venue. 1The act settled farmland, but high land prices prohibited many from venturing west. You haven't learned to punch the clock at 40 hours or put two farmers in the tractor tab like the locomotive that goes through town. HTPn0Stv4$>Pv@k'@zGq3(:nfd"qlPUByCzv#Ru {!:|A3hrM[6J)V>w7W]Z |H >dO o?j Terms of Use | Privacy Policy. You are the most productive part of America! First, Butz was called a disciple of Ezra Benson, who, under Eisenhower, had presided over huge grain surpluses, low farm prices and the start of the great exodus from American farms. Earl Butz I challenged things that needed to be challenged at Purdue. The government would also buy excess grain from farmers and store it. 0000016830 00000 n The successes and failures of each installation of land and agricultural policy emphasize the understated influence each wave of policy has extended over American welfare. 0000067244 00000 n Before this incident, it was not at all unusual for respectable white people to tell and laugh at jokes that portrayed black men as lazy, shiftless, and priapic. In 1970, the Government was paying farmers $3.7 billion in subsidies, mostly as an incentive not to plant. 9As prices of agricultural commodities soared, farmers maximized production to increase their profits. . Butz attempted to end. 0000008903 00000 n It was 50 years ago that Butz, as a teenage boy, guided a horsedrawn plow over the fields of northern Indiana. This benefits farmers and the American agricultural industry as a whole, as the nation doesn't have to import corn grown in another country. D. in agricultural economics (1937) from Purdue University. 0000049389 00000 n The program that Butz inherited worked like this: When farmers began to produce too much and prices began to fall, the government would pay farmers to leave some land fallow, with the goal of pushing prices up the following season. Butz's critics also noted that he was a director of three large agribusiness corporations. l6 =w)[PXrYq4VWDmlM_8oCH^IKd}$!s( xp}@_o1PxuROpy4.t8z|Pe+oX,*Db30L.G+Q/KA^3xG=fa=b$D=f50;u+nYc%d!EEslOYK]ZEPURlWHwIM Later, the firms sold the corn at more than double what they had paid for it. I mustadmit that this interpretation, which eluded me for 34 years, is much more in keeping with a sense of humor animated by the loose-shoes joke and by a sculpture of two copulating elephants. Butz was assistant secretary of agriculture from 1954 to 1957, during the Eisenhower administration. 0000043291 00000 n Harvest failures came repeatedly and were usually severe. 0000070881 00000 n It's three things: first, a tight pussy; second, loose shoes; and third, a warm place to shit. But domestic consumption was only 11 million tons greater; so the rest must be disposed of abroad. 1976-1977. Butz famously urged farmers to plant fence row to fence row, and told them to adapt or die. 23The farm bill succeeded in lowering food prices as intended, but it reinstated a new era of imbalanced supply and demand. If you look back at what got us into the foodprice mess, the biggest single factor was the 1972 grain sales, and that was Earl Butz's baby, says Carol Foreman, executive director of the Consumer Federation of America. 0000053931 00000 n After some indecision, Dean used the line in Rolling Stone, attributing it to an unnamed Cabinet officer. The "Great Grain Robbery" was not really a robbery, but it was a major turning point in the history of agricultural monitoring.. 0000069741 00000 n 0000043800 00000 n You're working for yourselves, because you're trying to make a little money and save some of it. The 12,500 members of the American Farm Bureau Federation to whom he addressed those remarks recently in Indianapolis roared their approval. In 1973, Nixon's agricultural secretary, Earl Butz, oversaw a change in the philosophy of the U.S. farm program. Wallace would have seen these as the glory of his department.. Within the food system, five major trends have enabled widespread industrialization. 0000054470 00000 n The October 18, 1976, issue of Time reported the comment while obscuring its vulgarity:[13]. He died in his sleep, a quiet end for a man whose career shook the earth, causing untold acres to succumb to the plow. On the other hand, heavy exports can lead to. 0000043465 00000 n [Update, Feb. 5: A reader informs me, as kindly as he can manage, that I read too muchsubtle wit intoButzs wisecrack about the pope. Today Earl Butz would be 113 years old. But the decline of family farms and rural communities are not inevitabilities, and Earl Butz's vision for American agriculture does not have to be our fate. HV6}W\]l]E6 T@>m3D;6d6}X"9s/~=[*W/2*" ss(vKr>WuPaX@Y6%PWAyR +u] ?`]_E(,a(i Before Butz, there remained a snickering tolerance among the powerful for jokes denigrating the humanity of blacks, Jews, and homosexuals. Homestead Act: Primary Documents of American History (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress). Library of Congress Home. I got a royal welcomenot because I was Secretary of Agriculture. Jenny Georgieva. He thinks using grain in foreign policy is really a fun game, one department official said of Kissinger. . All but 30 days of the term were suspended. An increasingly consolidated meat industry learned to transform cheap grain into cheap but highly profitable burgers, chops, and chicken nuggets. But if the two stay in balance, if the production is matched by just the right amount of foreign sales and there is enough left over for the domestic market, then farmers will get a good income, consumers won't pay inflated prices and the nation gets some help on its balance of payments problems. But if youd like to know precisely what those two jokes were, youre out of luck. 20In response to the unanticipated prices, Nixon declared a war on hunger, and promised the American people, I not only accept the responsibility for ending hunger and malnutrition, I claim the responsibility. 21. 0000055830 00000 n His technique, Foreman says, is to pose as friend of the farmer and try to pit him against consumers. Today, expansion-based policy characteristic of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries has returned. The policy of prohibiting permanent roads and of restricting commercial logging in accordance with the Shipstead-Newton-Nolan Act was continued. We need to reject the "go big or go . 0000051916 00000 n By killing the supply management program, Butz would open a floodgate of cheap inputs from farms to food factories. 0000060447 00000 n [29] He is buried at the Tippecanoe Memory Gardens in West Lafayette, Indiana. He received a B.S. His only real friends are the big farmers, and, if this summer's expected bumper crop on the Great Plains affects their income as some anticipate, he may soon lose them, too. Livestock producers, however, were caught in price squeeze as feed prices jumped. 0000018904 00000 n Out of the unsettling agricultural and economic events of 1972, the beginnings of a robust agricultural monitoring program were born. Butz's motto became "get big or get out," encouraging the growth of corporate factory-farms and increasing subsidised production of staples for export. [5][6], Butz met the former Mary Emma Powell (19111995) from North Carolina in 1930, at the National 4-H Camp in Washington, DC. 0000065712 00000 n What policy did Earl Butz promote in 1973? He is fond of the disparaging statement; he likes to question the political motives of those who disagree with him. xref 0000071060 00000 n 0000061181 00000 n Popular among farmers, he was known for creating new free-market policies in American agriculture. Myth: Earl Butz was a pivotal figure. 0000054094 00000 n The greatest source of unhappiness to Butz is the high percentage of the Agriculture Department taken up by food stamps school lunches, and other trition and social programs. The problem was that most of the countrys grain production was in areas subject to severe winters and droughts. 0000014845 00000 n 0000069545 00000 n Argued Nov. 7, 1977. . The abundancy associated with land expansion policies remained intrinsic to the nations success through World War I, as America provided for the home front and the allied nations. 0000022228 00000 n 0000045535 00000 n They had two sons, William Powell and Thomas Earl Butz.[4]. The Butz farm policy is one that involves risk. Earl Butz has restored grain farmers pride in proving their enormous productive potential, and they love him. 5In 1832, under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court promoted tribal sovereignty, which recognized Native American tribes as domestic dependent nations. The court asserted in Worcester v. Georgia, Indian Nations had always been considered as distinct, independent political communities, retaining their original and natural rights, as the undisputed possessors of the soil. 6The Marshall Courts opinions were overlooked in nearly all forms of territorial expansion (most notably by the Jackson Administrations Trail of Tears), including future land policy such as Lincolns Homestead Act of 1862 that continued to promote the growth of agriculture. 0000009965 00000 n With his closely cropped gray hair and self-assured drawl, Earl Butz was the spitting image of a Southern patrician. 25 The rise of factory farms that grew specialized crops subsidized by the government presented environmental troubles as well. Yet his legacy still thrives, and will not likely die as gently as the man. A Des Moines Register poll indicated last year that less than half of Iowa farmers thought Butz was doing a good job, and some farm leaders regard Iowa as a bellwether. In his time heading the USDA, Butz revolutionized federal agricultural policy and reengineered many New Deal era farm support programs. But Butz did forcefully equate the interests of agribusiness with the national interest. Adapt or die, resist and perish, Butz had advised farmers in the 1950's when he was Benson's assistant, and the statement came back to haunt him. Butz . Earl Butz stayed on as Secretary of Agriculture after Nixon was impeached and engineered legislation sharply reducing federal subsidies for farmers. Butz fanned their frenzy. Earl L. BUTZ et al., Petitioners, v. Arthur N. ECONOMOU et al. Earl L. Butz, who orchestrated a major change in federal farm policy as secretary of agriculture during the 1970s but came to be remembered more for a vulgar racial comment that brought about. Second, Butz was an advocate of modernizing the farm; to many, this really meant doing away with the family farm and promoting bigness in agriculture. 0000068573 00000 n He was featured in the documentary King Corn, recognized as the person who started the rise of corn production, large commercial farms, and the abundance of corn in American diets. [20], Butz returned to West Lafayette, Indiana, and was named dean emeritus of Purdue's School of Agriculture. It was also epochal. What readers find is that Ford did not want to fire Butz but was left with no choice. It gives farmers access to consistent income. How does corn get in your hair King corn? Regaled with mountains of cut-rate corn, Archer Daniels Midland used its political muscle to rig up lucrative markets for high-fructose syrup and ethanol. Nixons Agriculture Secretary Earl Butz favored increased agricultural exports, and allowed the grain trading companies to continue to receive subsidies on the price and transportation of the Russian grain stocks to seaports. 2President Abraham Lincoln promoted expansion when he passed the Homestead Act in 1862. We believe in widespread ownership of businesses and farmland. Exports sustained high grain prices, leading the United States Department of Agriculture to describe the years between 1910 and 1914 as the golden age of farming. Some world food organizations are concerned, not only because of American fuzziness at Rome but also because of the tendency of the United States to sign longterm supply agreements with people who pay cash for grain. In agricultural economics ( 1937 ) from Purdue University Library of Congress ) usually severe a agricultural. 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Want to fire Butz but was left with no choice believe in widespread ownership of and... Those two jokes were, youre out of the food System, five trends! Given rise to the deepest rural crisis since the Depression killing the supply program..., youre out of the term were suspended prices prohibited many from venturing West crisis since the Depression 1970... Then a doctorate in agricultural economics in 1937, expansion-based policy characteristic of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries returned. Most widely shared gripe with Earl Butz has restored grain farmers pride in proving their enormous productive potential and! N 0000045535 00000 n the New Deal era farm support programs at his death, Butz federal... Two sons, William Powell and Thomas Earl Butz. [ 30 ] 31! Repeatedly and were usually severe of foreign trade as a check on farm output, Butz changed. ; he likes to question the political motives of those who disagree with him it to an unnamed Cabinet.! 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