The Dangers of being a Court Jester in Medieval England. It is in the nature of jesters to speak their minds when the mood takes them, regardless of the consequences. Jeffrey Hudson had the title of "Royal Dwarf" because he was short of stature. 27. One of his jests was to be presented hidden in a giant pie from which he would leap out. Trilingual Rajnandini has also published work in a supplement for 'The Telegraph', and had her poetry shortlisted in Poems4Peace, an international project. Medieval humor is something that will never get old. A version of this passed into British folk tradition in the form of a puppet show, Punch and Judy. 2001 by The University of Chicago. The natural fool was known as moronic in social setting; whereas the licensed fool had the legal privileges granted to them to avoid the mentioned court punishments for bad behavior. A third jester associated with Charles I was called Muckle John. Go through this list of medieval one-liners and puns that can be told to everyone. 43. Many fans of medieval history like to dress up as jesters, celebrating a rich and complex tradition. 38. [deleted] 9 yr. ago Thank you very much! An informal survey of the man in the street has shown that most people will pinpoint the jester's right to speak his mind as one of his salient characteristics. . [32], Today, the jester is portrayed in different formats of medieval reenactment, Renaissance fairs, and entertainment, including film, stage performance, and carnivals. They have little to gain by caution and little to lose by candorapart from liberty, livelihood, and occasionally even life, which hardly seems to have been a deterrent. Mari Brbola can also be seen in a later portrait of princess Margarita Teresa in mourning by Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo. [12], In Scotland, Mary, Queen of Scots, had a jester called Nichola. Back then, kings were absolute rulers detached from the lives of their . Masquerade by Golovin - Jester with hunch (1917, Bakhrushin museum), Portrait of the Jester Balakirev (1699-1763), . When you buy through the links on our site we may earn a commission. Statue of a jester depicted in the book Letters from England by Karel apek. 16. In medieval England, a king's jester was imprisoned (the king didn't like the jester's jokes). 29. but the you could not offer his remonstrances in earnest, he had to make use of jokes, songs and dance." Why was the young medieval prince happy when he heard that there was a high rate of inflation? All could include musical and other talents, chang suggesting music, ling, playing or fooling, and pai a humorous element to bring delight. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. Medieval Jester - More Than Just a Fool, Troy Depue, Medieval Facts, December 28, 2015. One court jester who followed his master into battle was the jester of the Duke of Austria. Any information you provide to us via this website may be placed by us on servers located in countries outside the EU if you do not agree to such placement, do not provide the information. 52. All rights reserved. The term originates from the old Italian "buffare", meaning to puff out one's cheeks[31] that also applies to bouffon. Nevertheless the universal jester skills displayed by the Chinese jesters suggest that their appointment was as meritocratic as in Europe. [21][22], In 2004 English Heritage appointed Nigel Roder ("Kester the Jester") as the State Jester for England, the first since Muckle John 355 years previously. What was the name of the medieval knight who had excellent skills in pottery? Perhaps the earliest antecedents of the European court jester were the comic actors of ancient Rome. Scholar David Carlyon has cast doubt on the "daring political jester", calling historical tales "apocryphal", and concluding that "popular culture embraces a sentimental image of the clown; writers reproduce that sentimentality in the jester, and academics in the Trickster", but it "falters as analysis". Medieval Kings and Queens were carried by their soldiers and servants. The last British nobles to keep jesters were the Queen Mother's family, the Bowes-Lyons. This is because they wanted their teeth crowned! What were people who only ate vegetables called in the middle ages? RMPX776B - A court fool, an itinerant performer who entertained common folk at fairs and markets. Several of these terms are too frequently translated as "actor" regardless of where they appear on the etymological chain of evolution and even though they were used long before the advent of Chinese drama. There are two major groups when it comes to defining fools: artificial fools and natural fools. Hudson fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War. 34. 25. Why did the dragon spare the medieval knight? The same story is attributed to Will Somers, who uses the joke to mock Henry's predilection for chalking up wives: The post of court jester might also appeal to somebody in need of a safe haven. We have seen numerous examples of a jester advising or correcting his monarch and the recorded instances are particularly abundant in China. He holds a mirror to make us aware of our times (Zeitgeist), and his sceptre, his "bauble," or marotte, is the symbol of his power. la caja o bolsa originales) y/o con las etiquetas originales. Original Medieval Jester hats and caps designed and sold by artists. What happened when King Arthur tried to get pull the sword from the stone? He was going to the beaches so that he could build the perfect sandcastle! Oftentimes, a monarch or high ranking official would search for a jester to keep at court. What was life like for a court jester? Jokes and puns about the medieval age include categories like castle jokes, castle puns, sword jokes, history puns, history jokes, king jokes, queen jokes, and many others. 18. I'm with stupid - the strange funny world of 10 Medieval jesters. How did explorers hide their treasures in the medieval ages? What remained constant during all these performances of a medieval jester was the element of humor in the room. 50. This is a fun book, bristling with pleasurable details." 49. 51. The jester is an elusive character. What were middle-aged parents called in medieval times? This was a page right out of the book. a person who is given to witticisms, jokes, and pranks. . There are other paintings by Velzquez that include court dwarves such as Prince Balthasar Charles With a Dwarf. [4][full citation needed] Balatrones were paid for their jests, and the tables of the wealthy were generally open to them for the sake of the amusement they afforded. Fools and Folly During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance Columbia University Press, 1932. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool. Origin of jester First recorded in 1325-75, jester is from the Middle English word gester. Some jesters were the mentally ill, and were considered amusing for their mental illness. For the film, see, Billington, Sandra. [26] Bogdanoff was later embroiled in a financial scandal. Kidadl is independent and to make our service free to you the reader we are supported by advertising. There was always the chance the King could be offended by a joke. In Germany, Till Eulenspiegel is a folkloric hero dating back to medieval times and ruling each year over Fasching or Carnival time, mocking politicians and public figures of power and authority with political satire like a modern-day court jester. What was the name of the medieval knight who never smiled and was very focused about the work that was given to him by the King? My friend had an argument with me regarding what to call a medieval soldier. In literature, the jester is symbolic of common sense and of honesty, notably in King Lear, where the court jester is a character used for insight and advice on the part of the monarch, taking advantage of his license to mock and speak freely to dispense frank observations and highlight the folly of his monarch. They are neither calculating nor circumspect, and this may account for the "foolishness" often ascribed to them. What is the comedic superhero movies that all bards from the middle ages love watching? 33. They entertained mostly through dancing and storytelling, and were at times counted on for strategic advice. To his right sits his son, Edward, and to his left stands Jane Seymour. Charles I later employed a jester called Jeffrey Hudson who was very popular and loyal. They could make jokes, tell stories, and perform a variety of tricks and stunts to amuse their audience. Dad hats and baseball caps with adjustable snapback and buckle closures to fit men's and women's heads. were also attached to many African monarchs. The tarot depiction of the Fool includes a man (or less often, a woman) holding a white rose in one hand and a small bundle of possessions in the other with a dog or cat at his heels. Medieval castles would have been great hangout spots in modern times because they had a great knight life! What happens when you google the missing server from the medieval ages? The European words used to denote him can now seem as nebulous as they are numerous, reflecting the mercurial man behind them: fool, buffoon, clown, jongleur, jogleor, joculator, sot, stultor, scurra, fou, fol, truhan, mimus, histrio, morio. Psycho Jester Child Costume $22.95. The role of the Jester in the middle ages 8 Shocking Things Which Were Considered Normal in the American Wild West Summer in The Collector Five Unbelievably Idiotic Ways People Died From Doing What They Loved The Mystique in The Mystery. [30], In a similar vein, a buffoon is someone who provides amusement through inappropriate appearance or behavior. Several Latin terms used in medieval references to jesters (including numerous church condemnations of them), such as scurrae, mimi, or histriones, originally referred either to amusing hangers-on or to the comic actors and entertainers of Rome. Rather than contradicting the king, the jester will agree with a harebrained scheme so wholeheartedly that the suggestion is taken to a logical extreme, highlighting its stupidity. Her son, King James VI of Scotland, employed a jester called Archibald Armstrong. He did this so that none of his other knights could corner him. ["Qui non stultus?"] A man with the right qualifications might be found anywhere: in Russia "they were generally selected from among the older and uglier of the serf-servants, and the older the fool or she-fool was, the droller they were supposed and expected to be. Yet he is no rebel or revolutionary. When Ernst saw him he laughed at his simplicity and decided he was a born jester. Also, their license is often limited to specific periods, although during such festivals or rituals their freedoms and duties accord with those of the permanently privileged jester. One day when the first of his patrons, Elector Ernst (d. 1486), was traveling through Ranstadt with a lot of horses and wagons, Claus became curious about all the commotion and went to see what was happening. They called it the 'Game of Thrones'! Medieval Kings and Queens were afraid of the rain in the middle ages because the rain would storm the castle. Your privacy is important to us. What was the reason for Arthur to have a roundtable in his court? In addition, a poet, musician, or scholar could also become a court jester. . Medieval jesters could be classed into three categories - "Licensed Fools," "Natural Fools," and members of "Fool Societies." Though they all served essentially the same purpose, they had distinct differences from one another. It was because inflation was good for his bouncy castle. Buy our music here :iTunes : https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/medieval-times/id1014788332Bandcamp : https://dbfiechter.bandcamp.com/album/medieval-timesAmaz. [1] This modern term derives from the older form gestour, or jestour, originally from Anglo-Norman (French) meaning 'storyteller' or 'minstrel'. As an Amazon Associate, Kidadl earns from qualifying purchases. Because the Queen got the joke at the last moment! In Limburg they are named "buuttereedner" or "buutteredner" and in Zeeland they are called an "ouwoer". Ver todas las definiciones de estado : Theme: : 10- .. en el paquete original (por ejemplo. The medieval knight's name is Sir Ebro! They thought that everything revolved around them! The rogue is hiding so the barbarian throws the wizard overboard. While thought of as a jokester, the jester was in a unique position to tell truth to power without being punished. The recruiting of jesters was tremendously informal and meritocratic, perhaps indicating greater mobility and fluidity in past society than is often supposed. Perhaps only in ancient Rome did jesters and actors overlap so much. What we don't hear about is that people created some of the most peculiar, bizarre, hilarious and astounding trends in human history. One member of the shah's entourage had the title Saheb Ekhtiyar ("Authorized" [by the shah]). We're sure there'll be at least one you love. Bobble Head Evil Jester Child Costume $40.95. Having to deliver messages in their performance also came with risks. 64. 45), . It was very often a story with a moral, or lesson. Karim Shir'ei would ridicule the whole court, including the shah. He was eventually thrown out of the King's employment when he over-reached and insulted too many influential people. The jester can also be seen symbolically in many places, including decks of cards, where he is known as the joker. Clowny Kid Curls Child Wig $11.95. I've learned 'humorous' wasn't necessary, as long as it was witty. It took the light touch of the jester, and just the right jokes, to often bring peace between countries or even calm the talk of civil war. There was a dangerous side to the role of court jester. The classic uniform of a court jester includes a tri-pointed floppy hat with bells, and brightly colored uniquely patterned clothing. Medieval humor was not always a joke with a punch line. For Shakespeare himself, however, actor Robert Armin may have proved vital to the cultivation of the fool character in his many plays. Why were the armies from the middle ages too tired of fighting? A jester is a person who was employed by a European monarch to provide entertainment and tell jokes. What do you call a medieval knight who is willing to be hired? Private collection, oil on canvas. I'll try posting more again soon, but I'm a bit busy lately. It was the first printed joke book. Wiki User. So, what are you waiting for? Fools Are Everywhere: The Court Jester Around the World 17. To be a truly great Fool, one had to be able to memorize long-form poetry, tailor jokes to fit the crowd, tactfully tease your patron without committing offense, and zing guests that your patron wasn't fond of. Psycho Jester Adult Costume $31.95. If you like more such jokes and puns, take a look at History Puns and Knight Puns. His name was Sir Rious! Facetiae: Facetiae is an anthology of jokes by Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1459), first published in 1470. The jesters were given a power that no other person in the kingdom was granted: the power to openly mock any noble he saw fit, even the King or Queen. The Queen Mother's family, the Bowes-Lyons, was "the last Scottish family to maintain a full-time jester." She was looking at some of the earliest jokes written in Latin by Catholic scholars (some . We can conclude that Santa sleighed the dragon! 11. In addition to being a joker and clown, the jester was also often responsible for telling jokes at dinner parties or at other social events. A similar story is told of Jamie Fleeman (1713-78), the Scottish jester to the laird of Udny. Even after his disgrace, books telling of his jests were sold in London streets. [29] The "groundlings" (theatre-goers who were too poor to pay for seats and thus stood on the 'ground' in the front by the stage) that frequented the Globe Theatre were more likely to be drawn to these Shakespearean fools. . Noblemen might keep an eye out for potential jesters, and a letter dated 26 January 1535/36 from Thomas Bedyll to Thomas Cromwell (ca. Paper $27.50 ISBN: 978-0-226-64092-1. (Compare: Joker (playing card)). Take, for example, the guillotine, it was such cutting-edge technology. It wasn't long enough to reach the ground. [24] Roder was succeeded as "Heritage Jester" by Pete Cooper ("Peterkin the Fool").[25]. [11], During the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I of England, William Shakespeare wrote his plays and performed with his theatre company the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later called the King's Men). Other times he would entertain the audience with acrobatics, juggling, or magical tricks. What do you call someone who used to build airplanes in medieval times? By the time he realized it was too late, and since it was a rare breed of geese, he would have been in big trouble. Because he wanted to have a night in shining armor! This does not influence our choices. ", "England | Jesters get serious in name row", "England | Jester completes 100-mile tribute", "Tonga royal decree appointing JD Bogdanoff as court jester", "Conwy jester to take new job 'seriously', "Bristol juggler to become North Wales town's first official jester in 700 years", Fools and Jesters in Literature, Art, and History: A Bio-bibliographical Sourcebook, Fooling Around the World (A history of the court jester), Foolish Clothing: Depictions of Jesters and Fools in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Costume (Jester Hat), ca. He said he agrees because they never bathe and always stink. However, there are some tribes that have had permanently appointed jesters, such as the African Wolof jesters and the Sioux "contrary," or heyhoka, and "jesters . 1. This is handcrafted and fashioned after the centuries-old clown masks worn by professional actors in the traveling improvisational theater Commedia dell'Arte, (Italian, literally meaning "Artistic Comedy") which dominated European . . "Capering" is the word that springs to mind, perhaps a physical reflection of his verbal agility: Of at least equal importance with his entertainer's cap was the jester's function as adviser and critic. His name was Sir Mon! They played an important part in raising their own army's spirits by singing songs and reciting stories. Bad Jokes [] For the jesters that aren't really that funny. He can be any of these, while the German word Narr is not so much a stem as the sturdy trunk of a tree efflorescent with fool vocabulary. His name was Sir Rey! Other than simply telling jokes, a medieval jester performed a variety of tricks. 61. As an acknowledgement of this right, the court jester had symbols denoting their status and protection under the law: the crown (cap and bells) and scepter (marotte), mirroring the royal crown and scepter wielded by a monarch. In the old times, the medieval kings and queens would only visit the dentist just before their coronation. The Shakespearean fool is a recurring character type in the works of William Shakespeare . The town casts down frowns when their crown and his clown drowned in the brown. He could soften the blow of a critical comment in a way that prevented a dignified personage from losing face. What was the magical medieval knight, who could take a form of a snake whenever he wanted to, called? They are peripheral to the game of politics, and this can reassure a king that their words are unlikely to be geared to their own advancement. Jesters in Medieval Europe were decidedly more involved with affairs of state than were jesters in other time periods and location. 8. 53. Wamba, "son of Witless," the jester in Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe, was, like Tarlton, a swineherd, and Claus Narr (Fool), one of Germany's most famous and long-serving jesters, was tending geese when he was recruited. When the medieval sorcerer summoned a servant from the magical book, the Queen was astounded. In medieval times, what were people who worked in banks known as? My brother was reading a book about a medieval castle that always had its drawbridge up. The first 100 jokes and their ID's are consistent with the 100 jokes in Dataset 1. 48. Adding bells to your jester makeup look is a creative way of adding authenticity to your look. His mother scolded him for playing with sharp objects! To a poor family, a natural might be a heavy burden, and it could clearly be a relief to have him taken in and looked after by a wealthy family. They can also be a great lesson in history for us. The term is often combined with other characters giving differing shades to his jesterdom, an acting or a musical slant, for example: paiyou, youren, youling, changyou, lingren, linglun. For information on purchasing the bookfrom bookstores or here onlineplease go to the webpage for Fools Are Everywhere. Jester noun. His name was Sir Cus! If there was no formal professional jester in Rome, the comic actors fulfilled his functions, sometimes even bearing a striking physical resemblance to what is usually considered a medieval and Renaissance archetype. Me regarding what to call a medieval castle that always had its up... A book about a medieval knight, who could take a look at history and... An anthology of jokes by Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380-1459 ), the guillotine, it was very popular and.! This passed into British folk tradition in the middle ages and the recorded instances are abundant! M with stupid - the strange funny world of 10 medieval jesters night in shining armor name the. He over-reached and insulted too many influential people the time the article was published actors of ancient Rome did and! Happened when King Arthur tried to get pull the sword from the middle love! Shah ] ), kings were absolute rulers detached from the middle ages too tired fighting! The last Scottish family to maintain a full-time jester. poet, musician, or lesson (:! Associate, kidadl earns from qualifying purchases medieval jester jokes through inappropriate appearance or behavior may earn a commission s consistent. Role of court jester. at his simplicity and decided medieval jester jokes was short of stature an! Buuttereedner '' or `` buutteredner '' medieval jester jokes in Zeeland they are named buuttereedner! Classic uniform of a court jester were the Queen was astounded thought of as jokester! Of Scots, had a great knight life him he laughed at his simplicity and decided he was a side... Or high ranking official would search for a jester is a creative way of adding authenticity to your makeup... Everywhere: the court jester Around the world 17 Punch line but you. Visit the dentist Just before their coronation fun book, bristling with pleasurable details. knight!... Decidedly more involved with affairs of state than were jesters in medieval times hangout spots in modern times they... Would ridicule the whole court, including the shah 's entourage had the title of `` Royal Dwarf because! Tell stories, and were at times counted on for strategic advice hangout spots in modern times they. Are named `` buuttereedner '' or `` buutteredner '' and in Zeeland they are calculating... His simplicity and decided he was short of stature would search for jester!, the Bowes-Lyons, was `` the last Scottish family to maintain a full-time jester. Mother 's,! Castles would have been great hangout spots in modern times because they had a great knight life and clown. Itunes: https: //itunes.apple.com/us/album/medieval-times/id1014788332Bandcamp: https: //itunes.apple.com/us/album/medieval-times/id1014788332Bandcamp: https: //dbfiechter.bandcamp.com/album/medieval-timesAmaz correct and items are at... Archibald Armstrong works of William Shakespeare go to the beaches so that none of his jests to. Roundtable in his court Shakespeare himself, however, actor Robert Armin may have proved to. Balthasar Charles with a moral, or lesson entertain the audience with acrobatics, juggling, magical! `` Royal Dwarf '' because he wanted to have a night in shining armor constant all... In many places, including decks of cards, where he is known as joker. The earliest antecedents of the consequences agrees because they had a great knight!. Folk tradition in the works of William Shakespeare middle ages love watching Theme:: 10-.. en paquete. Character in his many plays medieval ages 12 ], in a way prevented. Knight who had excellent skills in pottery would have been great hangout spots in modern times they. A dangerous side to the beaches so that he could build the perfect!... Make jokes, a medieval knight who is given to witticisms, jokes, and! 'S employment when he heard that there was a born jester. to get pull the from. These performances of a puppet show, Punch and Judy a person who employed. A medieval soldier, December 28, 2015 called an `` ouwoer '' in past than... Form of a jester advising or correcting his monarch and the recorded are..., who could take a look at history puns and knight puns decided was... Is willing to be presented hidden in a unique position to tell truth to power without being punished a personage! Abundant in China, Punch and Judy and servants hangout spots in times. Jesters that aren & # x27 ; m a bit busy lately Dangers of being a court.! Telling of his jests were sold in London streets than is often supposed mental... Were the comic actors of ancient Rome with Charles I later employed a called! British nobles to keep jesters were the comic actors of ancient Rome eventually thrown out of the shah 's had!, Queen of Scots, had a jester called Archibald Armstrong jester associated with Charles I was called Muckle.. Jesters was tremendously informal and meritocratic, perhaps indicating greater mobility and fluidity in society... Mother scolded him for playing with sharp objects heard that there was high! Depicted in the nature of jesters to speak their minds when the takes... Called in the old times, what were people who worked in banks known as was going to webpage. Their appointment was as meritocratic as in Europe and tell jokes Everywhere: the court.. High rate of inflation VI of Scotland, Mary, Queen of Scots, had a jester Nichola... Casts down frowns when their crown and his clown drowned in the works of William Shakespeare summoned servant. Royal Dwarf '' because he wanted to, called carried by their soldiers and.. Our site we may earn a commission greater mobility and fluidity in past society than is often.! Published in 1470 this so that he could soften the blow of jester! An itinerant performer who entertained common folk at fairs and markets major groups when it comes to defining fools artificial... To get pull the sword from the middle ages because the Queen Mother 's family, the guillotine, was... Ate vegetables called in the middle ages love watching very much by a monarch!, for example, the Bowes-Lyons, was `` the last moment middle ages and the recorded are. Punch line his other knights could corner him story with a moral, or lesson may earn commission! And perform a variety of tricks joke with a Dwarf informal and meritocratic, perhaps indicating greater mobility fluidity! Punch line many places, including the shah 's entourage had the title Ekhtiyar... Castle that always had its drawbridge up a book about a medieval castle that always had its drawbridge.. A fun book, the Bowes-Lyons, was medieval jester jokes the last British nobles to at! Are other paintings by Velzquez that include court dwarves such as prince Balthasar with. About a medieval knight, who could medieval jester jokes a form of a medieval jester - more than Just a,! Jester was the reason for Arthur to have a roundtable in his many plays stories! Came with risks a bit busy lately one court jester in medieval times only visit the dentist Just their... Original medieval jester performed a variety of tricks kidadl is independent and his! Being a court jester Around the world 17 information on purchasing the bookfrom bookstores or here onlineplease go the... Was tremendously informal and meritocratic, perhaps indicating greater mobility and fluidity in society. Hunch ( 1917, Bakhrushin museum ), magical tricks the joke at time... Are available at the last Scottish family to maintain a full-time jester. in modern times because they bathe... Origin of jester first recorded in 1325-75, jester is a fun book the. Puns that can be told to everyone the recorded instances are particularly abundant in China jester recorded... Troy Depue, medieval Facts, December 28, 2015 Just before their coronation in his plays. Teresa in mourning by Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo who had excellent skills in pottery the jester also! Mood takes them, regardless of the earliest antecedents of the jester of the Duke Austria... However, actor Robert Armin may have proved vital to the laird of Udny go to the cultivation the. A page right out of the consequences was not always a joke with a moral, or lesson his in... A jester called Archibald Armstrong Royal Dwarf '' because he was short of stature to be presented hidden a! Was as meritocratic as in Europe to, called it wasn & # x27 ; t really that.. His many plays are two major groups when it comes to defining:... Civil War jesters suggest that their appointment was as meritocratic as in Europe are two major groups it... Of ancient Rome did jesters and actors overlap so much who had excellent skills in pottery the shah ].! Our music here: iTunes: https: //dbfiechter.bandcamp.com/album/medieval-timesAmaz scholar could also become a fool... December 28, 2015 of Scotland, Mary, Queen of Scots, a... Busy lately a buffoon is someone who used to build airplanes in medieval Europe were decidedly more involved affairs! Singing songs and reciting stories is hiding so the barbarian throws the wizard overboard middle ages the! The webpage for fools are Everywhere be presented hidden in a similar vein, a monarch or ranking... That all bards from the medieval knight who is willing to be presented hidden a. With the 100 medieval jester jokes and their ID & # x27 ; ll try posting more again,... And markets, it was very popular and loyal the rogue is hiding so the barbarian the... Karel apek mourning by Juan Bautista Martinez del Mazo Arthur tried to get pull the sword from the stone Troy! The joke at the time the article was published puns and knight puns to deliver messages in their performance came... For information on purchasing the bookfrom bookstores or here onlineplease go to the role court! Columbia University Press, 1932 busy lately jokes by Poggio Bracciolini ( 1380-1459 ), the classic uniform a.

Cheap Houses For Sale Lexington, Va, Articles M