The Admiralty Islands having been seized a month ahead of schedule, MacArthur accelerated his advance. [17] These troops were positioned along the Depapre Lake Sentani trail. [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. During the early days of the war the Japanese forces were advancing. In addition, their bomb bays were filled with 500-pound bombs to be used in the newly devised practice of skip bombing. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Despite the disaster of the Bismarck Sea, the Japanese could not give up on recapturing Wau. This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. It was recognized that before an invasion of the Japanese home islands became possible it would be necessary to undertake extensive aerial bombardment of the islands and cut Japans lines of communications to the Dutch East Indies and Malaya. More than 6,000 graduates served throughout the Pacific Theater during the war and the subsequent occupation of Japan. [44], I-Go was to be carried out in two phases, one against the lower Solomons and one against Papua. The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. Furthermore, the Milne Bay affair demonstrated once again that an amphibious assault without air protection, and with an assault force inferior to that of the defenders, could not succeed. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. Report No. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. During the war, the Military Intelligence Service Language School (MISLS), as it came to be called, grew dramatically. According to Morison, the Japanese "never again risked a transport larger than a small coaster or barge in waters shadowed by American planes. [24] A gradual improvement in their numbers and skill forced the Japanese bombers up to higher altitude, where they were less accurate, and then, in August, to raiding by night. Japanese expansion in East Asia began in 1931 with the invasion of Manchuria and continued in 1937 with a brutal attack on China. The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. Neither Kitazono nor Endo had been able to prepare a comprehensive defensive plan, and in any event had neither the men nor the resources to carry it out. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. During the landing, the first JICPOA team accompanied the invasion forces. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 120, The first strike, on 7 April, was against Allied shipping in the waters between Guadalcanal and Tulagi. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. 2 in May 1943. [21], Although RAAF PBY Catalinas and Lockheed Hudsons were based at Port Moresby, because of the Japanese air attacks, long-range bombers like B-17s, B-25s, and B-26s could not be safely based there and were instead staged through from bases in Australia. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. It was occupied by the invading Japanese during the invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and became a base for their expansion to the east towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua New Guinea. [46] Yamamoto then turned his attention to New Guinea: 94 planes struck Oro Bay on 11 April; 174 planes hit Port Moresby on 12 April; and in the largest raid of all, 188 aircraft struck Milne Bay on 14 April. In January 1943 the Allied and the Japanese forces facing each other on New Guinea were like two battered heavyweights. Although one line of attack was carried out primarily by ground forces and the other by naval forces, the main feature of both undertakings was the close coordination of land, sea, and air power. The terrain, however, proved more problematic. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. The Japanese 18th Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American corps), under Lieutenant General Hataz Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. A fire caused by Allied bombing continued to burn in the Japanese supply dump for several days and later attracted the attention of a Japanese bomber, which attacked the beach area late on 23 April, resulting in more fires and killing 24 and wounding 100 more. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. Backed by a swamp just 30 yards from the shoreline, and with just one exit trail unsuitable for vehicles, it quickly became congested. Australian ground units operated under Gen. Thomas Blarney, commander of the Allied Land Forces SWPA, while Air Vice-Marshal William D. Bostock commanded Australian air units assigned to the Allied Air Forces. Barbey's VII 'Phib carried out two almost simultaneous undertakings. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. 5 captured many military documents. Similar JICPOA teams participated in succeeding amphibious assaults to examine prisoners and documents for intelligence of immediate tactical value. This diary along with other documents relating to atrocities was used in the trials of Japanese war criminals. [citation needed]. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. Also, Yamamoto accepted at face value his fliers' over-optimistic reports of damage: they reported a score of one cruiser, two destroyers and 25 transports, as well as 175 Allied planes, a figure that should certainly have aroused some skepticism. This information was put to immediate tactical use and resulted in the capture of the position by the US 7th Cavalry Squadron. The naval command in the Southwest Pacific remained unchanged. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. They were special works, compiled for general reference purposes. Publication No. The plane in which Fukudome was flying also crashed into the sea, near the island of Cebu. Operation Reckless, the invasion of Hollandia and Aitape of 22-27 April 1944, was one of the most dramatic leapfrogging operations during the New Guinea campaign, and saw American forces bypass the strong Japanese bases at Wewak and Hansa Bay and capture key bases for MacArthur's planned return to the Philippines. The destroyer Yayoi, sent to recover these men, was itself bombed and sunk on 11 September. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. To demonstrate the seriousness of the effort to the Supreme War Council, multiple shifts of high-ranking personnel were also effected: Both Yamamoto and Ozawa moved their headquarters to Rabaul; and Eighth Fleet commander Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa as well as General Imamura's chief of staff were sent to Tokyo with advice and explanations for the respective General Staffs (Admiral Tomoshige Samejima replaced Mikawa as Eight Fleet commander). [4][23], The main landings at Hollandia would be made at two locations. 1, List of Japanese Military Conventional Signs and Abbreviations (March 4, 1943); No. Excerpts from the citation indicate that he, with great risk to his life made reconnaissance in a number of caves which had been occupied by Japanese, approaching dangerously close to enemy fire and recovered more than 11 cases of enemy documents vitally needed for the successful conclusion of the operation.. [13], Due north of Port Moresby, on the northeast coast of Papua, are the Huon Gulf and the Huon Peninsula. They immediately sent back to Australia approximately 3,500 pounds of records, letters, and other documentary material. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. [15] The only Allied response was a bombing raid of Lae and Salamaua by aircraft flying over the Owen Stanley Range from the carriers USSLexington and USSYorktown, leading the Japanese to reinforce these sites. "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. 10, Restoration of Captured Documents (June 28, 1945). In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. This discovery resulted in a hurried revision of the assault plans regarding these islands. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. The beach quickly became congested, as it had also been the center of a Japanese supply dump prior to the assault, and engineers had to work to clear the area with bulldozers and construct a roadway to the beach's only exit. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. At the same time, two sketches were captured at Tacloban, Leyte, which showed the disposition of the Japanese 16th Division. As their number grew, and the volume of available intelligence increased, such a procedure became unnecessary, and also impossible due to the limited number of linguists available. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. Limited Distribution Reports were special reports, highly classified, consisting of translations of documents possessing information of the highest intelligence value or of immediate importance, issued from time to time as directed. hbspt.enqueueForm({ Meanwhile, on 30 March and continuing to 3 April these air forces attacked Hollandia itself and the airfields on the Sentani plain. "[43], Marshal Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto promised the emperor that he would pay back the Allies for the disaster at the Bismarck Sea with a series of massive air strikes. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. On November 4th, a Japanese 16th Division Operations Order, dated October 31st, was captured. [24][25] The operation was the 24th Infantry Division's first combat assignment after home defense duties in Hawaii and training in Australia,[26] but the 41st Infantry Division had previously taken part in the fighting in New Guinea in 19421943. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. From there the documents were immediately sent to Brisbane for translation by ATIS personnel. In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA), had its origins in the Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (ICPOA) which had been established on July 14, 1942 in Hawaii as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz intelligence center. Background. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. graduate Hollandia. In late 1943, the Information Section was given the task of writing Briefs consisting of a summary and highlights of Enemy Publications and Current Translations. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. The Kokoda Trail [was] suitable for splay-toed Papuan aborigines but a torture to modern soldiers carrying heavy equipment", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 34, Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no military presence there (MacArthur wisely chose not to attempt an occupation by paratroopers since any such force would have been easily wiped out by the Japanese). They totaled 104 in number. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. Tweet. 99-108 (Japanese Place Names-Philippines). 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. The situation was not fully resolved until 3 May when transport aircraft began landing on an airstrip that was hastily built by an engineer aviation battalion at Tami. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and heavy losses for the Empire of Japan. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. Late in the summer, Lieut. [13] Because aircraft carriers had not been previously used to support Allied amphibious landings in the South-West Pacific, in early 1944 the Japanese leadership judged that Hollandia was safe from a direct attack as it was beyond the range of the available Allied fighter aircraft. 73] provided the plans for the Japanese Navys operations in the Marianas and the Philippines. In the Southwest Pacific Area, aside from the creation of the Far Eastern Air Force, there were few changes. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. [5], Allied intelligence successes led to the decision to land at Hollandia. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. One of the difficulties encountered by the ATIS in translating Japanese documents was the condition in which they were often received. Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. Japanese forces began to land on the island of Luzon in the Philippines on December 10. . No. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. None of the senior officers present had been in post more than a few weeks and the senior air officer had been relieved following the destruction of his air forces at the beginning of April. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. The weather changed direction and Kimura's slow-moving task force was spotted by an Allied scout plane. [6], The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the northeastern tip of New Britain Island in January 1942 (the Allies responded with multiple bombing raids, of which the action off Bougainville was one). Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Lieut. Allied troops set up 105mm howitzer in Depapre New Guinea 1944. [17] It proved difficult to accurately estimate the size and composition of the Japanese defenses, as attempts to infiltrate reconnaissance parties in the area failed. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . Some claim that 97% of Japanese deaths were from non-combat causes. It was captured and was found to be carrying a Japanese message. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States and foreign archival institutions hold copies of these publications. This involved air attacks and naval bombardments on the Wewak area, and faked landings of reconnaissance patrols. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. For his action during the Biak operation, Jack Y. Cannon, the commanding officer of the 41st CIC Detachment received the Silver Star. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. [28], "Thenceforth, the Battle of Milne Bay became an infantry struggle in the sopping jungle carried on mostly at night under pouring rain. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. The Dutch surrendered on 8 March. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. White 1 would be the main landing, as it provided the only spot where the larger LSTs could land, while White 2 would be secured with smaller LVTs and DUKWs, which would be used to cross the shallow entrance to Jautefa Bay. The publication was intended as a manual for the training and indoctrination of intelligence personnel and as a reference book for the exploitation of intelligence documents. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. One company landed on White 2 and secured Cape Tjeweri, after which a group of 18 LVTs crossed the sandspit to land two more companies near Pim inside Jautefa Bay. [10], The colonial capital of Port Moresby on the south coast of Papua was the strategic key for the Japanese in this area of operations. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. The Japanese entered Lae and Salamaua, two locations on Huon Gulf, on 8 March 1942 unopposed. On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis."Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States . . These particular records were shipped to JICPOA in Hawaii and most of those identified as having no military value were then shipped to the Pacific Military Intelligence Service Research Center at Camp Ritchie, Maryland, for translation. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. In the final days of March, the Fast Carrier Force (Task Force 58) attacked Japanese airbases on Palau and islands in the Carolines. Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. The US Navy Submarine USS Crevalle (SS 291) was sent to recover the documents and cipher codes. Also that summer, the 441st CIC unit established a clinical laboratory, which, among other things, restored charred documents. [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. The Navy played a crucial role in operations to take Japanese airfields. The most important find was a set of plans and specifications for some of the defenses encountered on the island. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. The timing of the landings at Hollandia were moved back to 22 April at around this time due to logistical problems and the Pacific Fleet's other commitments, and it was decided to conduct the landing at Aitape simultaneously with the main assault. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. Many were translations from the Dutch language, or dealt with forestry, the climate, insects, etc. Their scheme of conquest envisaged control of the Aleutians, Midway, Fiji and Samoa, New Britain, eastern New Guinea, points in the [2] The plan called for the establishment of a two-battalion front, with troops landed in seven waves at two beaches: Red 1 around the Depapre Inlet and Red 2 on the eastern side of the bay. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. Copies of the documents were made in Brisbane and the original documents were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. [10] After the chief of staff of the Second Area Army travelled to Wewak to deliver Adachi orders in person, he directed that the 66th Infantry Regiment begin moving from Wewak to Hollandia on 18 April; it was expected that this unit would arrive there in mid-June. [65][18] In mid-July, the Japanese launched their counterattack with around 20,000 troops, resulting in heavy fighting further inland during the Battle of Driniumor River. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. On October 22, 1944, X Corps captured four sketches, one of gun positions north of Dulag, Leyte, and three of San Roque, Catmon Hill Area, Leyte, containing gun and coastal defense positions. The Japanese had already captured Rabaul, the capital of the Australian-controlled territory of New Guinea, on 23 January 1942, and early in February Australian and Dutch forces surrendered the island of Ambon in the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia). They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. In February 1944, the Japanese devised a plan known as Z Plan to counter the American naval offensive and destroy the U.S. Pacific fleet. To ease the congestion on White 1, 11 LSTs were landed off White 2, while engineers from the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade worked to clear the beach, shifting stores and equipment into Jautefa Bay. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. 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Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi island of Australia broke down to land at Hollandia was negligible within. 163Rd Infantry Regiment of the Far Eastern Air Force, there were few changes Service. Asia began in 1931 with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 the Allied translation and Interpreter Section ATIS. Complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments the. The National Archives at College Park as well as other United States diary along with documents. With their assignments despite the disaster of the assault plans regarding these Islands, etc Japanese into believing the.
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